A refining na azurfa, a gida

A halin yanzu, mutane da yawa a san hanyoyin da karfe tsaftacewa, m biyu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma a cikin gida. Wata irin wannan hanyar ne refining, har kwanan amfani na musamman a musamman Enterprises daga jadadda mallaka fasahar.

Mene ne refining

Kullum, da kalmar "refining" na nufin samun wani karfe daga high tsarki ta hanyar jerin hanyoyin cire impurities. Wannan tsari ne da ya yi a dama, saukarwa, kowanne daga abin tambaya wasu physico-sinadaran hanyoyin rabuwa da tsoma baki abubuwa. Sau da yawa a cikin irin wannan hanya refines daraja karafa.

A albarkatun kasa domin affinirovaniya a cikin wannan harka iya zama kayan ado ya da, "azurfa kumfa" slurry bayan lantarki tsarkakewa daga cikin abubuwa da kuma schlich zinariya.

azurfa refining

Sau da yawa, wannan tsarkakewa Hanyar da aka yi amfani da, don samar high-sa azurfa. A general, da hanya ne ba daban-daban daga irin wannan hanyoyin da za'ayi domin da sauran daraja, ferrous ko ba-ferrous karafa. Alal misali, refining daga zinariya da azurfa, ko wani daga cikin platinum karafa iya zama guda. Kawai a wasu lokuta da hanya (jũna).

Hanyoyi na refining

A sarrafa azurfa refining fasahar wakilci a uku hanyoyi daban-daban - da karfe iya tsabtace na impurities, sunadarai, ko electrolytic kupelirovannym Hanyar. Da wuya amfani da cire wuce haddi da chlorine. A zabi na hanyoyi ne saboda da yawan azurfa daukarsu da kuma ta yanayin. Da ma'anar da fasali na samar da tsari.

Yadda za a zabi hanya

Domin high-sa azurfa da farko yi amfani da electrolytic refining. Yadda aka saba, a lokacin da yin amfani da wannan hanya, akwai wani kullum fitarwa. Electrolysis taimaka samu kwarai tsarki azurfa saboda hadawan abu da iskar shaka-rage hulda a cikin abin da impurities Kada ku shiga a lokacin da tsaftacewa.

A cikin akwati inda Argentum adana a cikin nau'i na wani bayani (insoluble sulphates da chlorides), mafi tattali da kuma m nufin shi ne sinadaran karfe shaida (a wasu yanayi - electrochemical) Hanyar.

Base gami sau da yawa rabu amfani da cupellation - a cikin wannan harka ƙara da tsarki daga cikin mafi sauki cakuda.

cupellation hanyar

Domin irin wannan bukatar refining makera chashepodobnyh (wuta kima) Crucible. The tsarkakewa aiwatar amfani da gubar narke wanda azurfa aka oxidized a gaban oxygen. All gurbata da abubuwa, ciki har da sauran ƙarfi, an rabu da daraja karfe, ba shi da wani zumunta tsarki: gami shi ne zinariya da platinum iyali karafa.

Domin gudanar da refining makera Preheat bukata. Yana sanya fasaha gubar-azurfa cakuda, wanda shi ne mai tsanani har sai da cikakken narkewa. A makera gudu iska gudana cewa hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin abinda ke ciki na gyara. Bayan kammala da zafi magani da Crucible an cire da kuma zuba a cikin kyawon tsayuwa.

Ciki da gagarumar wuta da aka yi liyi da Marktl - wani irin lãka, arziki a farar ƙasa, da kuma ciwon porous tsarin. Yana garwaya da gubar oxides kafa a lokacin refining, a matsayin karshen ayan ƙafe lokacin da fallasa su iska kwarara. A fita, bayan da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na impurities, gami samu tare da iridescent bakan gizo surface. Lokacin da shi fatattaka a cakuda shi ne mai haske azurfa luster, wanda ya nuna affinirovaniya ƙarshe.

Cupellation dauke da m tsarkakewa m saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a samu cikakken 'yanci daga impurities: duk daraja karafa a cikin gami da ya rage a wurin. A refining na zinariya, da azurfa, da platinum kungiyar karafa domin su rabuwa da aka yi da wasu hanyoyin.

electrolysis hanyar

Electrolysis affinirovaniya matsayin Hanyar yi a biyu sani lantarki yadudduka: anode tsari ta gurbata da azurfa gutsure sanya shi a cikin 'yar jakar, da cathode - da bakin ciki faranti kafa na ba-lalatattu karfe. A wayoyin suna immersed a cikin tsabtataccen karfe nitrate bayani (maida hankali ions - 50 MG / ml) ya kara da cewa nitric acid a wata yawa na 1.5 g / L, da kuma wutar lantarki da aka wuce.

A anode bags an faruwa undissolved azurfa, kazalika da gurbatawa. A cathode sarari tsarki samfurin tattara a microcrystalline form. A girma daga saki azurfa na iya tashi zuwa wasu iyakacin duniya na tsarin cewa tsokani wani gajeren kewaye. Don hana irin wannan halin da ake ciki, girma crystalline, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa karkashin stirring bayani oblamyvayutsya layi daya cathode wayoyin kusa da wuri. A sakamakon azurfa da aka gano a matsayin precipitate sa'an nan na jẽfa cikin ingots. Yana da muhimmanci a maye gurbin electrolyte a lokacin, don haka da cewa idan najasa ne ba kamar yadda jan karfe, bayan da zama dole tsari ga fara ta shaida a kan saman daraja karfe cathode.

Idan azurfa bayani behaves kamar wani electrochemical cell, kamar yadda mafi inganci hanya ga electrolytic rabuwa na karfe. A anode iya zama graphite ko-lalatattu (gami), a cathode - bakin karfe. Tashin hankali a cikin kashi an saita zuwa ba fiye da 2 V. A dauki kansa ne da za'ayi har dukan azurfa shaida.

sinadaran refining

Azurfa za a iya cire ta sinadaran dabaru daga gishiri mafita ko colloids. Yana da wani multistage tsari. Ga hanya ake bukata na sodium sulfite, ya kara da cewa musayar dauki faruwa tare da sabon baki precipitate daraja karfe gishiri. A kan kammala da dauki, sakamakon bayani da aka zuba Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) ko gishiri. A cakuda settles har bayyananne fractional rabuwa - dole ne a kafa turbid kuma m part. Silver da aka ajiye aka dauke da cikakken idan ƙarin gabatarwar salts ba haddasa turbidity.

Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na kadaici da m karfe chloride - bushe da rigar.

A carbonate Hanyar for kadaici da azurfa chloride

Wannan dabara ya shafi samun tsarki azurfa chloride daga bushe - wani abu guda biyu zuwa wani ma'auni adadin sodium carbonate. A samu cakuda da aka mai tsanani Crucible (da ake bukata domin cika kofin kawai rabin abinda ke ciki ba saboda ya karu girma saboda gas juyin halitta). Bayan kammala da samuwar maras tabbas kayayyakin na aiwatar da yawan zafin jiki ta fito, kai dabi'u da ake bukata domin shiru fe.

Bayan sanyaya azurfa da aka gano da kuma aka sarayar sake smelting, bayan da samfurin za a iya daukan gama. Korau batu zai iya zama gaskiya cewa fasaha soda yana da mummunan tasiri a kan jihar na Crucible. Amma babban amfani da wannan hanya da sunadarai refining ne ta gudu.

A dawo da hanyar na azurfa chloride kasafi

Don mai da azurfa daga cikin bayani na iya daukar daban-daban sets na reagents - sulfuric acid don tutiya ko kuwa baƙin ƙarfe, ko wani gishiri da wannan karafa, ciki har da aluminum.

A chloride matsakaici gabatar da daya daga cikin abubuwa. Don sakamakon slurry aka zuba zaba acid a maida hankali 0.2 taro kasarun adadi. Ƙara da bayani yana iya zama a wani bangare da iko da har na dauki da kuma refilling ma'aunan a ta ƙarshe. A ingantaccen nuni da hulda a wannan harka shi ne zabin da hydrogen - gas ceases da za a samar a lokacin da cikakken rushe na karfe ko bacewar acid (ta amfani iya tabbatar da nuna alama takarda).

Kadaici na azurfa gishiri da aka kammala, da tsarin zama mai inuwa kama da kai. Bayan nan, acid da aka kara wa bayani maida sauran niƙaƙƙun ba dole ba karafa (mafi yawa da hannu cire). Sauran foda abu (ya kira wani azurfa da siminti) an tsabtace da distilled ruwa, bushe da smelleded.

chlorine refining

The hanyar dogara ne a kan zato cewa daraja karafa azurfa da chlorine ake mayar da martani a wani yanayi da sauri zinariya da platinum iyali abubuwa. Wannan damar da za su rarrabe da karshen daga abu tsarkake (a cikin fasaha na refining tsari ne mafi lokaci-cinyewa rabuwa masu daraja gami).

M zubi zinariya a cikin nau'i na chlorine gas da aka wuce ta. A hulda ta fara da najasa abubuwa daraja type, sa'an nan shi fitowa azurfa, wanda zai iya baya zabi wasu dabaru affinirovaniya a fili form. Chlorides a cakuda tashi zuwa surface saboda da ƙananan yawa idan aka kwatanta da salts da karafa.

Refining a wasu lokuta

A cikin hali na jan karfe a azurfa najasa tunanin mutuntaka magana ba na gami, da kuma cakuda da na karafa (za a iya wakilta a cikin nau'i na kwakwalwan kwamfuta). Sa'an nan, nitric da sulfuric acid za a iya narkar da a cikin tushe karfe. Mayar da hankali abubuwa amfani da cold- ko zafi (dauki kudi ya dogara da shi).

Don cire azurfa daina kai hare hare tare da samfurin cakuda da aka kona a kan wani barasa fitilar ko wani ruwa mai wanka. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 50-60 digiri ne zai yiwu a yi amfani da gilashi ko ain ware. By guda Hanyar za a iya raba brushing karfe tare da nickel, tin ko gubar.

A refining na azurfa a gida

Duk da hanyoyin bayyana a sama, a rubuce dace gida amfani a cikin samuwan musamman kayan aiki da kuma kwarewa. Sabon shiga kokarin electrolytic Hanyar ne mafi alhẽri. Yawanci, refining ne da za'ayi a cikin irin wannan hanya na azurfa lambobi.

Hanya ne 3 matakai. Wannan rushe azurfa a nitric acid, kuma ta karfafa alloying kuma refining kai tsaye azurfa electrolysis yanayi a cikin gida.

Rushe nitric acid

Azurfa nitrate aka shirya nan da nan a dukan tsari - yawanci dauka 50 grams na karfe da lita na sauran ƙarfi (rabo ya samu 32 g na ya da narkar da a 80 g na hydrogenated nitrogen oxide V). Tsarma acid da ake bukata a daidaita rabo da ruwa da kuma zuga da gilashin sanda. Refining za a iya za'ayi da hadawa da azurfa nitrate ammonium nitrate electrolyte (dauki matsakaici tare da kasa da 7) kafin su sami wannan HNO3. Don sakamakon bayani da aka kara azurfa. A cakuda ya kamata a bar for 10-11 hours, kamar yadda mika mulki karfe a dakatar ba zai faru nan da nan. Zai yiwu m selection m-kasa-kasa gas. Idan bayani zama bluish ko greenish tinge, shi ya nuna gaban na baƙin ƙarfe gauraye ko vitriol. A refining na azurfa da nitric acid da aka samu mafi alhẽri a lõkacin m batawa ne mãsu fakowa ba.

Ana cire ciminti azurfa

A cakuda da aka kara wa jan sanduna domin kawar da dauki tare da azurfa. Kusan nan da nan a farfajiya na ja daraja karfe fara precipitate, wanda ya zama lokaci-lokaci girgiza da wani bayani don hanzarta aiwatar. Idan da sanduna suna gaba daya narkar, kana bukatar ka maye gurbin su da sababbi. Bayan da dauki a wannan hali da aka dauke su a sanyaya bayani da kuma ta rabuwa a cikin fractional serebryanotsementnuyu da bluish ruwa rabo.

tacewa

Don ware da karfe daga cikin bayani ne amfani mazurari da tace takarda. A wani akwati tare da wani musamman shirye ciminti blends bayani: jan gishiri gudana ta hanyar mai kushin takardar da azurfa zauna a farfajiya. Daga baya har yanzu ake bukata 5 sau wanka tare da distilled ruwa.

A bayani ne mai yiwuwa gaban wasu adadin saura azurfa. Don cire jan gishiri da aka kara wa precipitate sodium soya.

Azurfa ciminti ta kafe. A Fusion aka yi a cikin Crucible, da yin amfani da abin da yake aiki tare da tsabta samfurin ba a sa ran. Zafi da samfurin a ko'ina don kauce wa da bukatar a warwatse azurfa ko oxidized ƙura. Yana yiwuwa a ƙara narke surface ne da yin burodi soda da borax gauraye a daidai rabbai - a kan karfe tsarin Halicci idon yayi kamar gilashi fim da kare da hasãra.

A sakamakon abu ne mai low-sa. Domin ta fi tsaftace ake bukata don gudanar da wani electrolysis na azurfa. Refining, a cikin wannan yanayin sanya ta hanyar riga aka bayyana a sama - shi ne dace ya narke karfe a cikin katsin.

hatsari rigakafin

Yana da muhimmanci cewa dakin ya mai da-ventilated. Kamar yadda kariya, safar hannu, a wanka da kuma natsuwa, da tabarau. Don kauce wa splashing acid a cikin ruwa da aka kara wa tattara kanta, kuma ba sabanin haka ba. Shiri HNO3 musayar dauki ne mafi amintattu hanya ta wanda ya gudanar da wani refining azurfa. Ammonium nitrate da ya garwaya a cikin wannan harka da electrolyte (dauki matsakaici ne kasa da 7). Glassware kamata a bari for jure zafin jiki, kamar yadda aiwatar kadan iya wuce 100 digiri. A bayani da aka cika a ba fiye da daya bisa uku na jirgin ruwa don kauce wa splashing acid.

sakamakon

A refining na azurfa ba wuya hanya, a gaban takamaiman gwaninta da kuma kayan aiki. Idan ka tsayar da aminci matakan za a iya za'ayi shi ba a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Don samun mafi girma karfe samfurin wanda aka yi amfani da electrolytic refining na azurfa a cikin gida, saboda wannan hanya minimizes hadarin impurities shigar ta hanyar amfani da yanzu.