Hafnium: aikace-aikace da kaddarorin

Sani da wannan labarin zai taimaka wa mai karatu ya gano abin da yake hafnium (sinadari), da amfani da wanda aka yadu amfani da mutum a yankunan da yawa daga cikin aiki. Kuma ma a yi la'akari da kaddarorin da sinadaran da jiki yanayin da kayan, da hanyoyin samar da kuma gaban a duniya, za a yi la'akari da taƙaitaccen tarihin na samu na wannan kashi.

Mene ne hafnium

Hafnium - wani sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Adana a karo na hudu kungiyar, ta shida lokaci, da atomic lambar ne saba'in da biyu. Tana nufin wani irin sauki abubuwa, yana da high yawa da kuma high narkewa batu, launi, silvery-farin karfe. Hafnium iya zama a biyu gyare-gyare. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar zafin jiki na game da 2016 Kelvin irin kyakkyawan raga, bayan da halartar allotropic canje-canje a cikin wani Jihar jiki-tsakiya cubic raga form, a dakin da zazzabi, shi yana da crystal raga na kyakkyawan tsarin.

Daga cikin tarihi na bude kashi

A samu na kashi ya faru a shekarar 1923, ya sanya Derd De Heshevi kuma Dirk Coster. Sun kasance iya hango ko hasashen valence, da kuma daban-daban ingantaccen halaye na hafnium dangane Bohr ta muhawara, wanda, bi da bi, bincikar aikin na kasar Faransa Jean Urbena, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa ya gano Celts - wani sabon kashi. Duk da haka, daga baya ya juya daga cewa Celts sun cakuda da kananan adadin hafnium da lutetium da ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, karatu da aiki da kuma yin amfani da a da ayyukan jimla inji lissafin nuna cewa hafnium ne wani analogue da rabi a lambar 71 a PTHE, wato zirconium. Derd De Heshevi kuma Dirk Koster ce game da gano wani sabon kashi hafnium, mai suna bayan da birnin da aka gano da aka yi, bayan ta amfani da X-ray hanya, akai-akai bincikar da zircons Norway da kuma Greece. A samu na X-ray diffraction Lines na kama ya yarda da masana kimiyya ya sanar da gano wani sabon x-sama kashi.

Hanyar domin shirya kuma duniya reserves

Hafnium yake a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, amma ba ya mallaka da ma'adinai, amma saboda shi ne "abõkinsa" na zirconium. Number of HF a ores game da 2.5%, da kuma shekara-shekara samarwa ne game da saba'in tons. Hafnium - a wajen tsada abu, ta babban wuri da aka mayar da hankali a Australia, Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Indiya da kuma Brazil. Location domin lissafa abubuwan da kasashen a cikin dace wurare a kan yawan HF gaban a kasar. Shi ne ma daraja ambata cewa Rasha da Ukraine da fairly manyan reserves wannan karfe, da babba adadin abin da aka mayar da hankali a tsirkonome, da dama, kuma baddeleyite.

jiki bayanin

Sashe na daga cikin jiki Properties na hafnium aka ambata a sama. Wadannan za a iya kara, cewa wannan karfe, wanda aka shan wani finely raba form, shi ne kusan baki. Narke a 2233 digiri Celsius, tafasar fara a 4603 ^C. giciye sashe na kama na thermal neutrons ne sosai high irin. Zirconium, hafnium, sabanin, shi ne matakin da sashe uku umarni na girma weaker. Duk da yake kamawa HF daidaita 115 sanduna, a zirconium ya kawai game da 0.2 mashaya. Hafnium yana da irin wannan matakin na zafi damar germanium (Far) ne mahaukaci. takamaiman zafi ganiya ne a 60-80 Kelvin. Ba shi yiwuwa a bayyana wani ka'idar alaka Hooke karfi, wanda aka sa ta rashin iyawa na Einstein superposition na ayyuka don samar da wani kwana tare da wani matsakaicin.

sinadaran Properties

Hafnium yana x-ical juriya ne da yawa da karfi fiye da kwatanci zirconium. karfe kanta tana da wajen manyan inertia, wanda ake dangantawa da wani m irin oxide film wanda aka kafa a kan hafnium. Mafi HF narke a cikin hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, cakuda nitric acid da Ruwa regia. A high yanayin zafi, shi ne combusted a oxygen da kuma a waje fara oxidize. Za a iya riskar da x-siga ya mayar da martani tare da halogens. Yana yana da kaddarorin wani hydrophobic yanayi.

Mahadi di- tri- da tetravalent HF

A wannan kashi valence darajar ne m da, daidai da daban-daban dabi'u na yawan yiwu x-ing links, akwai da dama da muhimmanci hafnium mahadi da sauran abubuwa.

Divalent dibromide hafnium yana da wani duhu koren launi. A zazzabi na 400 digiri Celsius fara bazuwar tsari ga samar da HF da kuma HfBr4. A masana'antu cirewa disproportionation HfBr3 a vacuo karkashin thermal tasiri.

Trivalent HF wakilta tribromide (HfBr3) - abu ne baki da shudi, kyawawan m. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar zazzabi na 400 digiri Celsius farawa zuwa disproportionate kashi biyu aka gyara tetrabrombity dibrombidy da hafnium. A Hanyar kunshi a samun dawo da HfBr4 ta gasa a hydrogen, optionally da Bugu da kari aluminum.

Mahadi tetravalent hafnium da dangantaka fairly manyan yawan mahadi, wato HfO2 - shi dioxide da wani hydroxide x XYZ dabara HF (OH) 4. Nan da nan aka tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) da kuma waccan mujalla da muka tetrabomid hafnium (HfBr), a can ne har yanzu hydrogenphosphates hafnium (HF (HPO4) 2).

Amfani a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma sadarwa da magani

Hafnium aka samu a cikin yin amfani da mutane da yawa yankunan aiki na 'yan adam. Wannan shi ne saboda da dama ingancin halaye, Properties cewa yin shi da wani ba makawa abu abu a cikin da dama daga sassa na mutum farauta, soja da kuma ko da makaman nukiliya masana'antu.

To yaya za ka yi amfani da hafnium? A amfani a magani - shi ne daya daga masu yawa zažužžukan, inda za ka iya yin amfani da kadarori na karfe. Tun HF carbides nauyi-taƙawa, kusan ba batun lalata, suka za a iya amfani da yi na cutlery amfani da likitoci da kuma su yi amfani da a yi na wani X-ray madubi.

Sinadarin da kyau kwarai Properties na biyu da kuma sinadaran jiki yanayi - shi ne hafnium. A amfani a cikin gida shi ne matsayin abu a cikin yi na rediyo, rediyo da telebijin shambura. An yadu amfani a cikin metallurgical masana'antu domin goya wasu karafa mafi physico-fasaha da kuma na inji Properties. Hafnium aikace-aikace ne ma a cikin x-sama injiniya, amma an ba safai ba amfani saboda ta scarcity da mafi muhimmanci da amfani.

A amfani da hafnium a cikin soja craft

Ta yaya kuma za ka yi amfani da wani hafnium? A amfani da tara makamai - shi ne wani fanni na mutum aiki, wanda ba duka ba tare da wannan kashi. Oxides, silicides, borides da carbides na hafnium ne sosai tsaurin mahadi, domin wannan dalili, a soja craft za a iya amfani da a matsayin m shafi. Shi ne kuma musamman sverhzharoprochnym da damar HF da mahadi don samar da sassa nufi ultrafast jirgin sama da kuma makamai masu linzami, da kuma kumbon sama jannati.

Tun 1998, aka yi ta kokari ƙirƙirar "hafnium bam", dangane da isomer 187m2Hf. Amma a sakamakon bincike da kuma gwajin da ra'ayin da aka ƙarancin cancantar, shi ne saboda rashin damar da na yanzu kimiyoyi don cimma saki wuce haddi da makamashi daga ainihin kamannin da isomer.

Sauran yana amfani da sauki abu HF

A makamashin nukiliya, tare da muka ambata a sama yankunan, amma da wani ko da mafi yawan ana ma amfani da hafnium. Inda wannan karfe an yi amfani? Saboda da ikon neutron kama daga HF sandunansu ana sanya ga tsari na musamman gilashin da tukwane.

A hafnium gwada da low aiki aiki (3,53eV) da kuma saboda wannan dalilin ana iya amfani da a samar da cathodes da electron bindigogi. A jet na gas-lokaci nukiliya injuna za a iya samu borides da carbides na hafnium, kuma mafi daidai a wasu daga cikin tsarin abubuwa.

Hafnium ko sami aikace-aikace a cikin yi na lantarki janareto thermionic irin da aka sau da yawa samu a ion injuna. A kan tushen da HfO2 ne dielectrics ciwon dielectric akai mataki. A nan gaba shi ne ya shirya don maye gurbin duk da saba silicon oxide a microelectronics a kan HfO2 oxide. Wannan canji zai kara index of yawa abubuwa a kan guntu.

A ƙarshe muna iya cewa hafnium, da yin amfani da wanda faruwa a da dama sassa na mutum aiki, da suka fara da kuma kawo karshen tare da yau da kullum soja da kuma makaman nukiliya, sigar musamman muhimmanci kashi. Wannan ne mai matukar high bukatar, kuma da karfe a cikin yanayi ne ko da yaushe tare zirconium. A rarity kuma da halaye sanin ingancin halaye na gwada high kudin.