A jikin tantanin ba daya? Tsarin da kuma aiki na cell membranes

By nadmembrannym gidaje shuka Kwayoyin, fungi da wasu kwayoyin cuta ya shafi wannan tsarin kamar su bango. Wannan talifin zai bincika tsarin da cell bango a daban-daban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin, kuma ya yi bayanin irin ayyukan da shi aikin. Kamar yadda aka sani, wannan bangaren da aka fara gano da Turanci masanin kimiyya Robert Hooke a cikin 17th karni. Lura kuma cewa jikin tantanin ne ba ya nan a single-celled dabbobi, da kuma kwayar kwayoyin, daga coelenterates da kuma kawo karshen tare da vertabrate: kifi, halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Me kana bukatar shi

Duk da cewa tsarin da kuma sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na fungal bango, shuke-shuke, kuma drobyanok dabam, jikin tantanin aiki su ne sosai kama. Da farko, shi ne kariya daga cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa daga tareda žata rinjayar muhalli dalilai.

Next: nadmembranny hadaddun ne abin dogara da goyon bayan lambobin sadarwa da kuma bayar da ƙarfi a cikin tsokoki na shuke-shuke da kuma fungi. Kasa za mu yi la'akari a cikin daki-daki, yadda harsashi tsarin da aka juna tare da ayyuka da cewa shi aikin.

Features na cell bango na shuke-shuke

Wannan tsarin a shuka kwayoyin kunshi gaske na wani polymer na zuwa aji na polysaccharides - cellulose. Its kwayoyin dabara ne guda a matsayin cewa daga cikin kayan sitaci (C ₆ H ₁₀ Yã _{5) n.} Macromolecules na polysaccharide dauke da sharan da beta-glucose, da kuma samun kawai mikakke tsarin, don haka suka iya samar da zaruruwa, tattara a cikin daure. Sai suka samar da wani robust frame cell bango -depth a wani colloidal matrix, wanda kuma ya hada da yafi na carbohydrates - hemicelluloses da kuma pectin. Har ila yau, cellulose sau da yawa samu a wasu sassa na shuke-shuke, msl, auduga zare na 99% kunshi m cellulose, Rama da hemp dauke da shi a cikin wani adadin 75-80% na itace - har zuwa 55%. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da aiki na cell membranes suna lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin zuwa nama wadda ta shiga.

Bayan cellulose bango ya ƙunshi sunadarai, lipids, kuma inorganic kayan. Alal misali, a cikin cell ganuwar mafi girma shuke-shuke spore - horsetails - hada da silicon dioxide, don haka da shuka kanta sosai m, kuma m, kuma shi ne inedible dabba. Daya daga cikin yadudduka kafa da kara na perennial shuke-shuke da kuma kira marufi, accumulates a cikin bawo mai-kamar abu - suberin. A sakamakon haka, da cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa rarrabu da Kwayoyin kansu iya yi kawai a Tallafa aiki (oprobkovevanie kara).

Idan tsakanin cellulose zaruruwa tara lignin, hemicellulose tare da shi kara habaka da inji ƙarfi daga stalks kuma mai tushe na shuke-shuke na woody jinsin, kuma pigments kunshe ne a cikin lignin, hanyar saka launi katako. A bango ma qunshi pores liyi tare da wani membrane, wanda samar da sufuri da na abubuwa.

Tsarin da kuma aiki na cell membranes na fungi

Da wakilan da daban-daban kungiyoyin na fungi tushe bango ne chitin - a polysaccharide, wanda aka same kuma a cikin matsanancin kwarangwal na arthropod da kuma a wasu kwayoyin. Nadmembrannye gidaje fungi ma dauke da cellulose, kuma dabba sitaci - glycogen. Ga misali, da sinadaran tsarin da yisti cell bango aka wakilta yafi carbohydrates - glucan da Mannan. Wall kanta daga su ke da isasshen ƙarfi, kuma an talauci digested a cikin gastrointestinal fili na dabbobi, don haka gina jiki ba sa samuwa da kuma yisti ba tunawa epithelium na kananan hanji.

Features kwayoyin

Idan jikin tantanin ne ba ya nan a protists, prokaryotes sa'an nan shi yana da fasali mai rikitarwa, ciki har da wani murein, lipoproteins da lipopolysaccharides, kuma teichoic acid. bango lipopolysaccharides inganta mannewa na kwayoyin cuta da dama substrates, misali, zuwa hakori enamel ko da membranes na eukaryotes. Saboda haka, tantanin halitta bango na kwayoyin cuta kuma duk da haka yana da antigenic Properties.

Mai kwayoyin saman bango rufe mucous kwantena (capsid), a kan abin da za a iya located wani m Layer - peplos. Dangane da tsarin, a ilimin duk kwayoyin kasu kashi gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau.

Bambantawa na kwayoyin cuta da biochemical abun da ke ciki

A Hanyar taimaka wajen rarrabe prokaryotes a kan ƙayyadaddu da sinadaran tsarin da bawo, aka samarwa da Danish masanin kimiyya G. gram a cikin marigayi XIX karni. Ya samu cewa wasu jinsunan kwayoyin ne stained da aniline dyes da kuma samar da barga mahadi purple launi cewa yin up da jikin tantanin.

Irin wannan gram m prokaryotes an mai suna: misali, staphylococcus da Streptococcus. Dukan su ke tasirantuwa ga wani yawan maganin rigakafi penicillin da actinomycin. Sauran kwayoyin cuta, da ake kira da gram-korau, ba zai bata da methyl Violet. Su ne resistant penicillin, domin suna da wani m low-permeability kwantena da cell bango. Wadannan sun hada da Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. A jikin tantanin na kwayoyin cuta, wanda yana da daban-daban da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, shi ne wani muhimmin microbiological halaye na wanda an rubuta su a pharmacology da kuma magani.

Features na mycoplasmas

Bari mu zauna a kan wani rukuni na sosai kananan kwayoyin - wato Mycoplasma. Microscopic nazarin shi aka nuna cewa jikin tantanin ne ba ya nan a cikinsu, don haka mycoplasmas m wasu maganin rigakafi, kamar tetracycline. Mycoplasmas suna yadu rarraba a cikin yanayi, ne causative jamiái na da yawa cututtuka, ciki har da mutum urogenital tsarin.

Mai Mycoplasma a cikin metabolism ake bukata don amfani oxygen da kuma masu tsananin aerobes. Kamar yadda parasites mutane da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da suka ninka hanzari, kamar yadda a cikin abun da ke ciki na cell membranes gaban cholesterol, wanda yake shi ne m substrate ga girma da kuma haifuwa na mycoplasmas.

Karbuwa a cikin sauki

Tun da farko, za mu ambaci cewa tantanin halitta membrane ne ba ya nan a ciliates da kuma sauran guda-celled dabbobi, misali, rhizopods. Dabbobi gano cewa protista ne cikakken dabba kwayoyin, wanda yana da dukan ayyuka na: girma, haifuwa, abinci mai gina jiki, numfasawa, tukar tumbi. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka zauna a cikin ruwa yanayi ko m ƙasa, protists yi ta bakin ciki membrane kai na ruwa da kuma ma'adinai salts, wanda suke a cikin external yanayi da ya zama ruwan dare jini membrane ta hanyar pores mallaki rayuwa kayayyakin. Saboda haka, babu rikitarwa unicellular dabbobi nadmembrannyh gidaje da cewa shi ne idioadaptatsy ga siffofin na yanayi yanayi.

Don kare da tsare mutunci da harsashi protozoa da pelikulu - denser m Layer ectoplasm. Saboda pelikule da ciwon elasticity da karko yana kiyaye m siffar dabba ta jiki.

A cikin wannan takarda, da abin da aka kafa da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki na cell membranes an yi karatu halayyar na shuka Kwayoyin kwayoyin, kazalika da kwayoyin cuta da kuma fungi.