Robert Guk: biography da kuma rayuwa. Taqaitaccen Tarihin Roberta Guka kuma ta bude

Turanci masanin kimiyya Robert Guk ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi girma da zukatan goma sha bakwai karni. Ya yi aiki a kan da dama shiriritar da kuma kida, ya inganta tsarin da madubin da farko kafa musamman salula nama.

babban masanin kimiyya ta yarantaka

Future likita, botanist, kirkiro da falakin, an haife ni a Yuli 18, 1635 a garin ruwa tare, wanda aka located a kan tsibiri na Wight. Mahaifinsa shi ne rector na coci na All Saints. Close dogon tsoron ga baby ta kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda ya kasance sosai rauni, kuma tscheduschnym amma Robert tsira. A 1648, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Robert Guk koma London, kuma ya kasance wani almajiri daga cikin artist da sunan Peter Lely. Riga ya zama wani shahararren masanin kimiyya, ya disapprovingly tuno da yara, amma fasaha na zane-zane da cewa tare da likita ayyukansu, damar ce cewa lokaci da aka ba rasa a banza a wani studio. A goma sha huɗu, da yaron ya zama almajiri na Westminster School Bashbi daga wanda ya kammala karatunsa a 1653-m. Kamar yadda wani masanin kimiyya Robert Guk koya Latin, wanda shi ne babban harshen kimiyya sadarwa a lokacin. Bugu da kari, ya mallakar da Ibrananci da kuma Helenanci, ya san yadda za a yi wasa da sashin jiki da kuma nan take ƙware da hadaddun Koyawa.

A farkon kimiyya aiki

Bayan makarantar sakandare, Robert Guk koma Oxford ya zama dalibi a Almasihu Church College. Bugu da kari, shi ya kasance wani chorister a cikin coci, kazalika da wani mataimaki da kuma kusa da collaborator na Boyle. A waɗannan shekaru iri guda, an sani da mahalarta "Invisible College" na Oxford, da halittawa da kimiyya da kuma shirya jama'a, wanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a Hooke ta rayuwa. A wannan lokacin, wani likita ƙirƙira iska famfo, halitta a rubutun a kan motsi na wani ruwa a cikin capillaries. Bugu da kari, Robert Guk, da bude daga wanda zai haifar da wani spring inji for aljihu Watches, ina da wani kananan shawarwari tare da Huygens, wanda shi ma ya yi aiki da irin wannan na'urorin. A 1662, masana kimiyya aka bayar a digiri a Jami'ar Oxford na Arts, Royal Society, a wancan lokaci ne kawai da nunawa, nada shi curator na gwaje-gwajen. A 1663-m Robert Guk halitta a shatan wannan ilimi al'umma, aka shigar da adadin membobinta, da kuma a 1677, ya zama Sakatare.

London farfesa

Ko wani taƙaitaccen biography of Roberta Guka ba zai iya yi ba tare da wani ya ambaci cewa a 1664, a lokacin da annobar ta bugãwa, likita bar London a Ingila. Jim kadan kafin ya aka nada farfesa Greshemovskogo koleji da kuma rayu a wani Apartment a cikin ginin. Bugu da ƙari, Hooke bai dakatar da ayyukan da curator na gwaje-gwajen da na Royal Society. Shi ne mai wuya matsayi ga wanda aka ba kamata ya sãka. Domin ba ma samu masanin kimiyya shirya sabon gwaje-gwajen da aka hade tare da gagarumin halin kaka. Duk da haka, wannan aikin ya taimaka ya na sirri da bincike da kuma ya haifar da wata daraja likita dalĩli girmamawa shawara. Bugu da kari, da fāɗin moriyar Robert sha'awar da sauran al'umma members. Bayani game da Robert Hooke a "Tarihin na Royal Society" tattaunawa game da aikinsa a matsayin curator kuma ya bayyana ban mamaki gwaje-gwajen da injin manyan bindigogi gunpowder, thermal fadada daga cikin gilashin, kazalika da aikin don ƙirƙirar microscope, Iris da kuma kowane irin meteorological kida.

Samar "Micrographia"

A 1665-m aka saki mafi muhimmanci aiki da masanin kimiyya. Rubutun da ake kira "Micrographics" details da hanyoyin da za a amfani da madubin ga wani iri-iri na kimiyya da bincike. Yana bayyana daban-daban gwaje-gwajen da sittin sassa na shuke-shuke, kwari da dabbobi. Opening na salon salula tsarin kwayoyin da aka sanya Robert Guk. Biology da aka ba da babban kimiyya sha'awa, don haka da cewa sakamakon bincike ne ma fi abin mamaki. Bugu da kari, da kayan a kan
burbushin, shi ya sa Hooke kuma ya kafa na binciken burbushin halittu. M ingancin misalai da kuma zana rubutu sanya "Micrographics" m littafin. Duk da cewa masana kimiyya ne kusan manta a wannan lokacin, ya nasara a cikin binciken na Kwayoyin ne na muhimmancin gaske. Don sani game da wannan samu ne da gaske daraja.

bude Kwayoyin

Roberta Guka inganta microscope ya kasance batun da m amfani da masanin kimiyya. Ya dauke ta amfani da shi mai yawa abubuwa. Da zarar, kamar yadda wani abu na binciken ya zo fadin wani kwalban toshe kwalaba. Ya sanya wani kaifi wuka da yanke bugi harkokin kimiyya, kuma su rikitarwa tsarin yadda ya kamata. Cell, bijiro da batun kafa abu na toshe kwalaba, Hooke tunãtar da saƙar zuma. Tun da yanke aka shuka asalin, kara bincike da aka za'ayi a kan tushe da kuma rassan sauran shuke-shuke. A wani bakin ciki yanki na dattijo Robert gan sake salon salula surface. Wadannan Kwayoyin suna rabu da juna ta hanyar partitions superfine aka mai suna likita Kwayoyin. Ya yi karatu da girmansu da kuma tasirin da su gaban a kan dukiya kunshi su abu. Haka abin ya fara a tarihin binciken na shuka Kwayoyin. Bugu da ari aiki a kan su da aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani memba na Royal Society, Nehemiah ya yi girma, wanda ya fi sha'awar da ilmin halitta fiye da Robert Guk. Tarihi na samu na sel da aka ɓullo da godiya ga kokarin. M, kuma m, ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen nazarin tsire-tsire, kuma sun fi mayar rinjayi kara Hakika na kimiyya a cikin wannan yanki. Its main rubutun a kan batun shi ne "Shuka haltta zana Flora falsafa labaru da kuma 'yan wasu takardun karanta kafin Royal Society." A halin yanzu, likita Robert Guk ya riga ya fara ga sauran gwaje-gwajen.

m ayyuka

Ya ba huta a kan ta laurels Robert Guk, wanda biography ya riga ya wadãtar da littafin da "Micrographia". Ya ɓullo da ka'idar haske, nauyi da kuma tsarin da al'amarin, ƙirƙira kwamfuta na hadaddun ilmin lissafi ake gudanar da kyautata wata na'urar da damar don nazarin Duniya ta Magnetic filin. A wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyi na masana kimiyya da shi ya ma matsananci.
Alal misali, a 1674 ya yi wata muhawara da Hevelius hade da peculiarities na yin amfani da microscopes. A cikin rabi na biyu na 1670 ta da shi aka rubuta takardun a kan ka'idar elasticity, wanda sun zama kiwo ƙasa domin sanannun Hooke ta dokar. Ya bayyana cewa, da karuwa a tsawon dangi da asali mai kira gwargwado elongation karfi inversely na gwargwado ga girman da abu giciye-sashe, kuma an haɗa da kayan daga wanda kerarre.

Sadarwa da Newton

A 1672-m Isaak Nyuton zama memba na Royal Society, wanda ya dade kunshi Robert Guk. Tarihi na samu na sel da sauran gwaje-gwajen sun karfafa ta yiwuwa a gaban kimiyyar lissafi, amma jam'iyya da Newton ya siga ga shekaru. Da kimiyya da muhawara alaka biyu, zuwa masu zaman kansu al'amura, kamar da kwana siffar cewa ya bayyana fadowa jiki, da kuma muhimman hakkokin Concepts, ciki har da yanayin haske. Newton dauke da cewa haske juyi ya hada musamman barbashi wanda ya kira haske corpuscles. Robert Guk, biography ne kunshe a lokacin aiki na kalaman yanayi na haske, shi ne a zaci cewa shi kunshi da vibration ƙungiyoyi na m matsakaici. Saboda haka akwai wani tattaunawa tsakanin corpuscular da kuma kalaman ka'idar. The shawara da aka haka zafin cewa Newton yanke shawarar ba a rubuta game da fiber ga Hooke ta mutuwa.

Plagiarism ko lokaci daya bude?

A 1686 tsakanin Newton kuma Hooke m wani muhawara, wannan lokaci alaka da dokar duniya gravitation. Kila Guk da kansa zo ga fahimtar da gwargwado dangantaka tsakanin karfi na nauyi da square na nesa tsakanin jikinsu, wanda a yarda da shi ya zargi marubucin na "Abubuwa" na plagiarism. A wannan topic wani likita ya rubuta wata wasika zuwa ga Royal Society. Duk da haka, Newton mafi cikakken bayanin da batun, daidai gano da kuma tsara dokokin hulda da mafi muhimmanci dokokin makanikai. A wannan hasashe ya bayyana kudirin na taurari, da ebb kuma ya kwarara, Ya sanya da yawa wasu muhimmanci binciken. Hooke ma ya ma overworked a hankali yi daidai da wannan yanki. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da zurfin sha'awa a cikin matsalar na gravitation da jerin gwaje-gwajen kishin shi, wanda aka gudanar daga 1671.

faɗuwar rana ayyuka

A karshe shekaru ransa Robert Guk, wanda biography ne cike da mafi muhimmanci binciken a yankunan da yawa, shi ne kamar yadda aiki a matsayin abada. Ya yi karatu tsokoki na na'ura, ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar inji model, ya karbi likita mataki, yana sha'awar amber, lectured, ciki har da a kan haddasawa da girgizar asa. Saboda haka, Sphere ban sha'awa na masana kimiyya a kan shekaru kawai kumbura, sabili da haka, a lokaci guda girma da kuma load. Bayan wani mummunan wuta mafi London da aka halaka. Restoration of birnin jagorancin Kristofer Ren, mashawarta English m kuma aminin Hooke. Taimaka masa, Hooke yi aiki tukuru na tsawon shekaru hudu, mai daukan hankali hanya tare da hankali da kuma gudanar da bincike ayyuka, da kuma barin kawai kamar wata hours of barci da kuma sauran.

Taimako ga sake gina London

Robert Hooke ya da wuya rawa. Tare da Christopher Wren shi zuwa yi lissafi yankin da London Stock Exchange. Tare da taimako na Hyu Meya da kuma Roger Pratt ya sanya wani sananne taimako ga gine na London. Daga cikin abubuwan, Hooke da Wren ta zane ga wani abin tunawa ga wadanda ke fama da mummunan wuta da aka kafa. na sosai aikin da aka ɓullo da, da kuma a 1677 duniya ga m Doric shafi, halittar wani Portland dutse aka yi amfani. Its saman lashe tare da zinariya ball da harsunansu na wuta. Kristofer Ren aka asali so su nuna inda Charles II, to abin da ya ce da cewa hallara a taron na wuta ba su yarda. A tsawo na shafi ne 61 mita da kuma 57 santimita, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin shafi zuwa masomin wata wuta. Hooke yi nufin amfani da abin tunawa a matsayin kimiyya dakin gwaje-gwaje don Zenith kawo nesa kusa da aiki tare da Pendulum, amma vibrations lalacewa ta hanyar zirga-zirga, ya hana irin wannan aiki.

A mutuwa na

Aikin sake gina London ta inganta kudi wuri na masanin kimiyya, amma suna da wani mummunan tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya. Tã wajibi rana ce cutar da kuma mai karfi da tabarbarewar hangen nesa. Bugawa sabuwar dabara na da babban masanin kimiyyar ya jirgin ta barometer. Game da shi Royal Society zama sane a watan Fabrairu 1701 daga lebe na Edmond Halley, wanda yake kusa da aboki na Hooke. Likita, masanin halitta da kuma halittu Robert Guk ya mutu a kan Maris 3, 1703, a ya Apartment a Greshemovskom kwaleji. Daya daga cikin mafi talented mutane na wancan lokacin, ya aka dã muminai manta da hanya na shekaru.

Sanadin abu wulakantacce

Aikace-aikace na Hooke a kan jigogi na yanayin haske da kuma dokokin gravitation aiki a matsayin tushen ga aikin Isaaka Nyutona, amma tsanani bambance-bambance na biyu masana kimiyya sun tsananta da dangantaka. Yana fara wani irin adawa. Saboda haka, daga "Ilmin Lissafi Principles of Natural Falsafa" Newton cire duk nassoshi ayyukan Hooke. Bugu da kari, ya yi kokarin downplay taimakonsa da kimiyya. A matsayin shugaban kasa na Royal Society, Newton tsaya ta amfani da dama kayan aikin Hooke da hannu halitta su binne shi a gushewa daga aikinsa, suka sa masa hoto. Tsarki ya tabbata talented lissafin kimiyya iri na. Duk da haka, shi ne game da shi da aka rubuta da Newton ta shahara kalmomi. A daya daga cikin haruffa, sai ya ce, cewa ya gani a kan kawai domin na tsaya a kan kafadu Refayawa. Lalle ne, Robert Guk cancanci irin wannan sunan, saboda ya kasance mai girma masanin kimiyya, kirkiro, halittu, falaki da m na zamaninsa.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da masanin kimiyyar

Likitoci da dangi Hooke ji tsõron ya mutu tun suna jarirai. Wasu da'awar cewa, ba zai yi rayuwa har zuwa shekara ashirin. Duk da haka, likita ya rayu 68 shekaru, wanda shi ne lokaci mai tsawo muna iya kira da matsayin na goma sha bakwai karni. Title "cell", wanda ya gabatar don na farko raka'a Rayayye jiki, saboda gaskiyar cewa irin wannan barbashi Hooke Kwayoyin kama da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã. Daya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da dangantaka da numfashi, kusan ƙare a hawaye don wani masanin kimiyya miji. Ya sa kansa a cikin wani musamman airtight naúrar, daga wanda farashinsa iska, da kuma jera a sakamakon asarar ji. Baya daga cikin abin tunawa, gina tare da haɗin gwiwar Wren, Hooke a kan ayyukan da aka halitta gine-gine kamar na Observatory a Greenwich, kuma St. Paul Cathedral. Dubi aiki na babban likita iya yanzu.