2008 - Crisis a Rasha da kuma a duniya, da nasa sakamakon ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Rikicin kudi na duniya na 2008: haddasawa da kuma yanayi

A shekara ta 2008, rikicin gripping duniya. Fara na duniya kudi matsaloli fara ne da kasuwar jari karo. Shingen dogwaye daga 21 ga watan Janairu zuwa 22 a duk mu'amala hargitsi. Rushewarta ba kawai stock farashin, amma kuma da Securities na kamfanonin da suka Masarauta da kyau. Sha wahala asarar da, ko da manyan hukumomi irin su Rasha "Gazprom". Jim kadan bayan faduwar hannun jari a duniya kasuwar mai ta fara fada a cikin farashin man fetur. A cikin stock kasuwanni shiga wani lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya da cewa ya bar wani gagarumin lamba a kan kayayyaki, a kasuwanni. Duk da yunkurin da tattalin arziki don tabbatar da halin da ake ciki (su a bainar jama'a ya ayyana wani gyara a stock farashin) Janairu 28, dukan duniya ya iya kiyaye na gaba kasuwar jari karo.

Kamar yadda rikicin ya fara?

A shekara ta 2008, rikicin ba za a fara a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu da hannun jari fall, da kuma wani 15 a watan Janairu. Citigroup banki kungiyar rubuta wani raguwa a ribar, wanda shi ne babban impetus ga rage darajar hannun jari a New York Stock Exchange. Ya faru da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru:

• Dow Jones index fadi da 2.2%.

• Standard & Poor ta - 2,51%.

• Nasdaq Hadedde - 2,45%.

Kawai bayan 6 kwanaki sakamakon farashin canje-canje bayyana kansu a kan stock musayar kuma yana da wani tasiri a kan halin da ake ciki a ko'ina cikin duniya. Mafi yawa daga cikin kudin kasuwar 'yan wasa a karshe gan cewa a gaskiya, mutane da yawa kamfanonin kada ka ji sosai. Domin high matakan da capitalization, da darajar da hannun jari tucked kullum hasarori. Mutane da yawa tattalin arziki masana da baya a 2007 annabta da rikicin a 2008. Mun Jita-jitar cewa ya fadi a kan m sau a Rasha bayan shekaru biyu saboda gaskiyar cewa kasuwannin gida da kuma albarkatun ba za a ƙãre ba. Ga tattalin arzikin duniya downturn sa ran a wani lokaci a baya.

Mãsu gayya na duniya matsaloli a 2008 da kuma ci gaban halin da ake ciki

A duniya rikicin na 2008 da kuma a kalla ya fara da fall na stock mu'amala, amma preconditions domin ta fitowan ya da yawa. Hannun jari fall ne kawai mai gargadi sigina game da kuzari canza halin da ake ciki. kayayyaki overproduction da wani gagarumin jari na babban birnin kasar da aka rubuta a duniya. Exchange rashin zaman lafiya ya nuna cewa, akwai wasu matsaloli da sayar da kaya. Lalace wadannan wata mahada a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ya zama wani fanni na samar. Global canje-canje a cikin tattalin arzikin, wanda a 2008 kawo rikicin muhimmanci shafi rayuwar talakawa mutane.

Ga tattalin arzikin duniya da aka halin da halin da ake ciki inda kasuwa da dama da kuma al'amurra sun gama na tafke sarai. Duk da ikon fadada samar da samuwan kudi aikatãwa samun kudin shiga ya zama sosai matsala. Tuni a cikin shekara ta 2007, ya yiwu don tsayar da fall na samun kudin shiga na aiki aji a kasashe irin su Amurka da Birtaniya. Takaita kasuwanni kawai gudanar ya dauke da karuwa a duka biyu mabukaci da jinginar gida na rance. A halin da ake ciki escalated a lokacin da ya zama a bayyane yake cewa yawan da ba ma iya biya da sha'awa a kan basussuka.

A farko a tarihin 'yan adam a duniya rikicin

A lokacin daga 2008 zuwa 2009, ya fi na kasashe a duniya da fuskantar da kudi da kuma tattalin arziki da rikicin, wanda ya kai ga samun matsayi na sabon abu na "duniya". Tuna na dogon lokaci a 2008 da rikicin ya shafa ba kawai jari hujja kasashe, amma kuma da tattalin arzikin na post-gurguzu jihohi. Last ci baya a duniya har 2008, irin wannan babban sikelin fadi zuwa 1929-1933. A wancan lokaci, abubuwa sun kasance haka bad cewa a kusa da babbar American birane girma kauyuka na cartons, tun babban ɓangare na yawan saboda rashin aikin yi ba zai amince da wani rai ijara. A ƙayyadaddu na kowace kasa a duniya ya gano tasirin kowane daga cikin mutane.

Dan kadan Gwamuwar duniya ta fuskar tattalin arziki, da dogaro mafi yawan jihohin da dollar da duniya rawar da Amurka a kasuwannin duniya kamar yadda wani mabukaci da ya kai ga cewa Amurka ta ciki matsaloli, "reprint" a cikin rayuwar kusan duk ƙasashe. Waje rinjayar "tattalin arziki giant" bar kawai China da kuma Japan. A rikicin da aka ba a son aron kusa daga blue. A halin da ake ciki ta shahara, a hankali kuma a tsare. A kan zai yiwu rushewar tattalin arziki nuna wani karfi sama Trend. Bugu da kari, Amurka a lokacin 2007, gudanar da su runtse da sha'awa kudi a 4,75%. Shi ne m ga zaman lafiyar lokaci, sabon abu ya ba su tafi ba a gane shi buyout speculators tsatstsauran ra'ayi. An ce game da zuwan matsaloli ne da cewa da dauki a cikin kudin kasuwar don rage rates a Amurka kamar yadda irin wannan bai wanzu ba. Abin da ya faru a cikin gudu-up da rikicin - dai kawai daya daga cikin misali farkon matakai na sabon abu. Matsaloli a cikin wannan lokaci jihohin riga, amma suna boye da ba su ba da wani fili ji. Da zarar allon an canja da duniya don ganin halin da ake ciki, da tsoro ya fara. Akwai kome ba a ɓõye, kuma wannan ya kai ga rushewar tattalin arziki a mafi yawan jihohi.

A 2008 rikicin kudi a duniya

Babban halaye na rikicin da nasa sakamakon ne na wani babban harafin ga kowane jihar na duniya. A lokaci guda akwai muhimmanci bambance-bambance da suke peculiar zuwa kowane kasa. Alal misali,} aruwar na GDP da aka rubuta a cikin 9 daga cikin kasashe 25 na duniya. A China, da adadi ya tashi da 8.7%, yayin da a Indiya - 1.7%. Idan muka yi la'akari da post-Soviet kasashen, da GDP zauna barga a Azerbaijan da kuma a Belarus, Kazakhstan da Kyrgyzstan. Bankin Duniya ya mayar da hankali ne a kan gaskiyar cewa rikicin na 2008 ya jagoranci wani janar drop a GDP a shekarar 2009 zuwa 2.2% a duniya. Domin raya ƙasashe, da adadi shi ne 3.3%. A kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kasashe da kunno kai kasuwanni ba ƙi aka lura, da kuma ci gaban, ko da yake ba manyan, kawai 1.2%.

Zurfin fall a GDP ya muhimmanci daban-daban dangane da kasar. Babbar duka zo a cikin Ukraine (drop ya 15.2%) da kuma Rasha (7.9%). Wannan ya sa wani karu a cikin sauran gasa na kasashen a cikin duniya kasuwar. Ukraine da kuma Rasha, wanda aka fatan a kai-gudãnar kasuwar sojojin sha wahala mafi tsanani sakamakon na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi. Amurka cewa fĩfĩta su ci gaba da wata tawagar, ko da wani karfi matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin, sha wahala "tattalin arziki hargitsi" sauƙi. Wannan shi ne Sin da Indiya, Brazil da kuma Belarus, Poland. A rikicin na 2008 da kuma a kalla sa a wasu lamba a kan kowane daga cikin kasashen na duniya, amma a ko'ina ya yi ƙarfinsa, kuma mutum tsarin.

Tattalin arziki na duniya rikicin a Rasha: farkon

A Sanadin na 2008 rikicin a Rasha ya ba kawai external yanayi, amma kuma ciki. Ja da kilishi daga ƙarƙashin ƙafafun da babban jihohi ne dakushe farashin man da kuma karafa. A karkashin duka aka tsĩrar ba kawai ga masana'antu. Abu mai muhimmanci aggravated halin da ake ciki saboda low liquidity na kudi wadata na kasar. Matsalar ta fara a cikin shekara ta 2007, a lokacin daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba. Wannan wani sarari siginar zuwa gaskiya cewa kudi a Rasha bankuna ne kusan a. Bukatar tsakanin jama'a da su samu rance a sau wuce samuwa wadata. A rikicin na 2008 a Rasha aka alama da cewa m kudi cibiyoyin fara ara kudi a kasashen waje a amfani. A wannan yanayin, Central Bank of Rasha samarwa kudi na 10% na refinancing. Riga ta 1 ga watan Agusta, 2008 girman da waje bashi na kasa amounted zuwa 527 dala biliyan. Tare da farko na da duniya rikicin, fall na wannan shekara, da kasashen turai a kan halin da ake ciki daina bayar da kuɗaɗen Rasha.

Babban matsalar da Rasha - da liquidity na kudi

Domin Rasha, shi ya kafa wani monetary liquidity rikicin na 2008. A dalilai na wani janar yanayi, kamar drop a hannun jari, shi ne na biyu. Duk da shekara-shekara girma na monetary ruble nauyi shekaru 10 a 35-60%, da kudin bai ƙarfafa. Lokacin da duniya rikicin na 2008 da aka sani kawai, za faruwa, manyan kasashen turai sun kafa a wani Jihar harkokin. Saboda haka, $ 100 GDP na kowace jiha yayi dace da babu kasa da 250-300 USD da banki ta dukiya. A wasu kalmomin, jimlar dukiya da bankuna a 2.5-3 sau fi jimlar darajar GDP na. A rabo daga 3 zuwa 1 sa kudi tsarin kowace daga cikin barga jihohin tare da girmamawa ba kawai ga waje canje-canje, amma kuma a fili na can ciki. A Rasha, a lokacin da rikicin kudi ya fara a 2008, 100 rubles na GDP lissafta ba fiye 70-80 rubles dukiya. Wannan shi ne game da 20-30% na kasa da kudi wadata GDP. Wannan ya haifar da asarar kusan dukkan liquidity na banki tsarin a jihar, bankunan tsaya rance. A kananan glitch a cikin aiki na tattalin arzikin duniya adversely shafi rayuwa na kasar a matsayin dukan. A halin da ake ciki a kasar, wanda ya kawo rikicin na 2008 ne fraught tare da maimaitawa muddin kasa kudin liquidity matsala ba za a gaba daya kauda.

Central Bank of Rasha kanta ne dalilin da rikicin

A rikicin na 2008 a Rasha ya dauki wuri zuwa mafi girma har saboda ciki dalilai. External tasiri ne kawai ya karu komawa da baya a cikin kasar. A wani lokaci a lokacin da Babban Bankin yanke shawarar tada amfani rates, fadi sharply matakin samar. Yawan Predefinicións a cikin real kansu ko da kafin wannan lokacin da cewa jeri tsakanin 2% bayyana rikicin na 2008. A marigayi 2008, Babban Bankin qara refinancing kudi zuwa 13%. A cikin tsare-tsaren da shi ya daidaita da wadata da kuma bukatar kayayyakin. A gaskiya wannan ya haddasa Yunƙurin a cikin kudin rance ga kananan, matsakaici da kuma masu zaman kansu kasuwanci (18-24%). Loans sun zama unaffordable. Number of Predefinicións ya karu sau 3 saboda da rashin iyawa na 'yan ƙasa zuwa sãka bashinta bankuna. Da kaka na shekarar 2009, yawan Predefinicións a kasar ya girma zuwa 10. A sakamakon na yanke shawara a kan sha'awa kudi ya kasance mai kaifi dakushe a samar da kundin da kuma tsayawa a da yawa yawan harkokin kasuwanci a fadin jihar. A Sanadin na 2008 rikicin, wanda zuwa mafi girma har kasar ta kafa da kanta, sun kai ga cewa rushe tattalin arzikin kasashe masu tasowa tare da high mabukaci bukatar da karfi tattalin arziki yi. Don kauce wa irin sakamakon da duniya hargitsi za a gudanar da jiko block kudi dukiya na jihar a dogara bankuna. A auka daga cikin kasuwar jari ya ba da irin wannan tasiri kan jihar, kamar yadda kamfanin tattalin arzikin kasar na da kusan babu dangane da cinikayya a kasuwar jari, da kuma 70% na hannun jarin mallakar ƙasashen waje masu zuba jari.

A Sanadin na duniya yanayi na duniya rikicin

A lokacin 2008-2009 rikicin ya shafa kusan kowane bangare na aiki na jihohi, musamman man fetur, da waɗannan da aka kai tsaye alaka da masana'antu albarkatun. A wani Trend an rage, wanda ya samu nasarar girma, tun 2000. Prices na agro-kayayyaki da kuma "black zinariya" ya tashi. The kudin na ganga na man fetur ya kai wani ganiya a watan Yuli da kuma tsaya a kan rikodin $ 147. Mafi yawa daga cikin kudin na man fetur farashin taba tashi. Tare da kara farashin man fetur ya tashi a kan zinariya farashin, wanda sun kafa wata tuhuma da zuba jari a cikin unfavorable sakamakon halin da ake ciki.

Domin 3 months farashin man fetur ya fadi a $ 61. Daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba, akwai wani karin dakushe farashin $ 10. A Fall na kudin man fetur da aka ce tushen karkatar fihirisa da kuma matakin da amfani. A daidai wannan lokacin, da Amurka jinginar gida fara rikicin kasar. Banks aka bai kudi ga mutane saya gidaje a cikin adadin 130% na su darajar. A sakamakon raguwar rayuwar, bashi sami ikon biya bashin dake kansu da kuma na biyu bashi ba zoba. Adibas na jama'ar {asar Amirka kawai watse, a gaban idanunmu. A sakamakon na 2008 rikicin bar su da alãmarsu a kan mafi yawan jama'ar Amirka.

Abin da ya na karshe "drop"?

Bugu da kari ga events aka bayyana a sama, da halin da ake ciki bar wata alama wasu abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a cikin pre-rikicin lokaci. Alal misali, za ka iya tuna ineligible kashe kudi na nufin yau da kullum ciniki na daya daga cikin mafi girma a Faransa bankuna Societe Generale. Jerome Karvel ba kawai a tsare asarar kamfanin, ya nuna a fili cikin jama'a duk da shortcomings a cikin aikin na most kudi kungiyoyi. A halin da ake ciki ne a fili ya nuna yadda free yau da kullum da yan kasuwa na iya sarrafa albarkatun da kamfanonin da suka yi ijara da su. Wannan kara kuzari da 2008 rikicin. A dalilan da yawa yanayi hade da kudi dala Bernard Madoff, wanda tsananta da korau Trend in da duniya index of hannun jari.

Ya dada tabarbare rikicin kudi na duniya na 2008 agflation. Wannan shi ne mai kaifi karuwa a farashin kayayyakin gona. Price Index FAO tsare ya karu a tsakiyan a duniya kasuwar jari ƙi. Matsakaicin ganiya index kai a shekarar 2011. Kamfanoni a duk faɗin duniya a wani ƙoƙari ko ta yaya inganta nasu halin da ake ciki ya fara shirya domin sosai m ma'amaloli da kyakkyawan kawo babban rashi. Yana za a iya ce don rage girma na sayayya na mota kayayyakin. Bukatar fadi ta 16%. A Amurka, da adadi shi - 26%, wanda ke haifar da raguwar a bukatar karfe kayayyakin da sauran related masana'antu.

A karshe mataki a kan hanya zuwa hargitsi ya karuwa a LIBOR kudi a Amurka. A taron ya faru dangane da cheapening na dollar a cikin lokaci daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Matsalar ita ce, a ganiya na tattalin arziki da kuma ta ci gaba da wuce yarda da sauri ba fiye da zai zama ga tunani game da wani zabi ga dollar.

A sakamakon na 2008 rikicin kan tattalin arzikin duniya

Tattalin arzikin duniya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma shi ne batun rubucen da kuma hambarar da. Akwai a cikin tarihi na abubuwan da suka canza shugabanci na tattalin arziki rayuwa. A 2008 rikicin kudi da aka cikakken juya jihar na tattalin arzikin duniya. Idan ka dubi halin da ake ciki a duniya, tattalin arzikin duniya bayan da hargitsi ya zama mafi uniform. Hakkin a kasashe masu masana'antu, wanda aka rage a tsawon ciki, kusan gaba daya dawo dasu. Wannan yarda a daya lokaci zuwa rehabilitate da ci gaban da duniya masana'antu a jari hujja kasashen. A gagarumin Yunƙurin aka gani a kasashen da aka kawai fara}. Ga su, na duniya ciki ya na musamman da damar gane su m, a cikin duniya kasuwar. Da ciwon ba alakarsu da stock kasuwanni da dollar darajar musayar kudi, underdeveloped kasashe ba su yi aiki da su halin da ake ciki. Suka juya suka kuzari zuwa da kansa bunkasa da ci gaba.

ajiya cibiyoyin sun kasance a cikin Amurka, EU da kuma Birtaniya, wanda ya kai ga masana'antu fadada. Fasaha bangaren suka fara inganta, cewa ci gaba a yau. Kasashe da dama sun bita da manufofin, wanda a yarda a gina robust tattalin arzikin na nan gaba. Ga wasu kasashen, da rikicin da ya yi matukar ban sha'awa tabbatacce effects. Alal misali,} asashen da aka yanke waje kudi a dangane da halin da ake ciki a duniya da wata damar rehabilitate cikin gida tattalin arziki aiki. Hagu ba tare da wani abu wadata daga waje, gwamnati na da su zuba a cikin kasafin kudin ma'aunan a cikin gida kansu, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa don tabbatar da wani m matakin na sanyin rai na 'yan kasa. Saboda haka, shugabanci na tattalin arziki, wanda a baya ya kasance a waje da zone na da tasiri, a yau ya canza.

Ta yaya ne halin da ake ciki a shekarar 2015, ya rage wani asiri. Wasu masana tattalin arziki yi imani da cewa a halin yanzu halin da ake ciki a duniya - shi ne wani nau'i ne na amsa kuwwa na rikicin a 2008, daya daga cikin m amma kallo a duk da daukaka da sakamakon duniya da ciki. A halin da ake ciki shi ne reminiscent na 2008 rikicin. A dalilan converge:

• ki karbar a cikin darajar ganga na man fetur.
• overproduction.
• da karuwa a cikin yawan marasa aikin yi a duniya;
• Ruble catastrophic rage na liquidity.
• m drop gapped Dow Jones index da S & P.

A cewar manazarta, da halin da ake ciki zai ci gaba da worsen.