Rasha na kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi. Formation da kuma ci gaban kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi

A] aukacin ci gaban tattalin arziki na wani yankin dogara sun fi mayar a kan matakin da ta kai raya kasa. Kuma a nan ne na bayar da muhimmanci na kasa da kasa da sufuri da farfajiyoyi. Sun haɗa shi da kasashe daban-daban, da samar da su da tattalin arziki, da al'adu da kuma kimiyya-fasaha hadin gwiwa. Amma na kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi - shi ne ba kawai tattalin arziki a nan da kuma yanzu. Shi ne kuma wani lamuni na aminci da kuma nasara ci gaban da kasar tsawon shekaru da dama masu zuwa.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu mayar da hankali a kan abin da yake cikin kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi, yadda suka samar da kuma tasowa.

International kai corridor - abin da yake da shi?

Kalmar "na kasa da kasa kai Passageway" (ko rage tsawon MTC) ponimayut hadaddun kai tsarin da aka dage farawa a cikin muhimmanci wurare na abin hawa zirga-zirga. Wannan tsarin ya shafi hade da ta daban-daban - hanya, dogo, marine da bututun.

Kamar yadda yi nuna, kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi mafi yadda ya kamata sarrafa a cikin na kowa da tattalin arziki zone. A mafi m cibiyar sadarwa na MTC yau ne na hali na Turai yankin (musamman - for tsakiya da gabashin Turai). Wannan, musamman, da gudummawar da tallafi na sabon EU kai siyasa a shekarar 2005. An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan sabon ra'ayi ya dauki teku kai hanyoyi.

Da samuwar duniya kai farfajiyoyi ya zama dacewa a wani lokacin idan da bukatar manyan kasa da kasa kai na kaya ya karu ma. Irin wannan farfajiyoyi yawanci muhimmanci ga ci gaban da biyu sufurin kaya fasinja kai bayan da kasar ko wani dukan yankin.

The rawa da kuma muhimmancin ITC

A ci gaba na kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi da muhimmanci ba kawai daga mahangar amfanin kasuwanci. Bayan duk, da duniyar dake hada-kawowa kawo ba kawai riba. Su ma ta da ci gaban da kuma ci gaban soja, masana'antu, kimiyya reshe jihohi. Bugu da kari, ITC taimaka da kuma rayayye fadada kayayyakin more rayuwa na yankuna, ta hanyar abin da suka wuce.

A da yawa ta fuskar tattalin arziki raya ƙasashe, da tambaya da kai da manufofin da kai tsaro da aka sa a matakin qarshe na fifiko. Rasha, kuma, bukatar su bi su misali a cikin wannan girmamawa.

Main aiki MTK

Menene babban makasudin ya zama wani sashe daga cikin kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi? Su ne da dama:

1. Samar da high quality, abin dogara da kuma dadi sufuri ga dukkan mahalarta a cikin tattalin arziki a tsakaninsu.
2. Samar da asali "gada", damar aiwatar da wani cikakken fledged cinikayya yawa tsakanin jihohi.
3. Saka hannu cikin samuwar na soja tsaro na kasashe da kuma dukan yankuna.

A karshe sakin layi ya kamata zauna more daki-daki. Gaskiyar cewa soja tsaro na wani ƙasa, ba tare da togiya, shi ne sosai dogara a kan matakin na ci gaba da kai cibiyar sadarwa. A sauki kalmomi: da more jihar hanyõyi, Railways da kuma tashoshin, harbors da kuma hadahada - da sauki shi ne don tsara da tsaro, ja da ƙarfi kayan aiki, makamai da kuma albarkatun a harka na waje soja ta'adi.

A tsarin kasa da kasa da sufuri da farfajiyoyi tsakanin Turai da kuma Asiya

MTC zuwa babban Eurasian yankin hada da wadannan kai farfajiyoyi:

• ITC "Arewa - ta Kudu", rufe da Scandinavian kasashen, da jihohin na tsakiya da gabashin Turai, Turai na Rasha, da Caspian yankin, kazalika da Kudancin Asia.
• Trans-Siberian Railway (ko MTC "Transsiberian") - shi ne mafi muhimmanci farfajiyoyi a expanses na Rasha da kuma ta haɗu Tsakiya Turai tare da kasar Sin, Kazakhstan da kuma yankin Koriya. Yana yana da dama rassan a cikin Ukraine, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Ulan Bator.
• MTC lambar 1 (kwanon rufi-Turai) - ta ɗaure Baltic muhimmanci birane - Riga, Kaliningrad da Danzig.
• MTC lamba 2 (kwanon rufi-Turai) - ta ɗaure zuwa birane kamar Minsk, Moscow da kuma Nizhny Novgorod. A nan gaba, da ci gaba da corridor zuwa Ekaterinburg.
• MTC lambar 9 (kwanon rufi-Turai) - ta haɗu Helsinki, arewacin babban birnin kasar na Rasha - St. Petersburg, Moscow da kuma Kiev.

All duniya kai farfajiyoyi da su zane-zane da - fihirisa. Alal misali, ITC "Arewa - ta Kudu" da aka sanya wa index da NS, "Trans-Siberian" - da TS da sauransu.

Rasha MTC tsarin

A kan ƙasa na kasar mu ke ta hanyar da dama MTC. Saboda haka, Rasha babbar kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi - wani "Arewa Sea Route" MTC "Primorye-1" MTC "Primorye-2".

Kai corridor kira da "Arewa Sea Route" a haɗa muhimmanci biranen Rasha - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk da Dudinka. Yana yana kasa da kasa nadi - SMP.

MTK "Primorye-1" ya wuce ta Harbin, Vladivostok, Nakhodka da ya zo da muhimmanci tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Pacific.

MTK "Primorye-2" haɗu da birnin Hunchun, Kraskino, Zarubino da kuma ke da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na gabashin Asiya.

International kai farfajiyoyi Rasha: Matsaloli da Al'amurra

A yau duniya akwai uku da karfi sandunan da ci gaban tattalin arziki: Arewacin Amirka, Turai da kuma kasashen gabashin Asiya. Kuma Rasha, shi ne a wani m ɓangaren da tsakanin wadannan biyu muhimmanci dogayen sanda, ya kamata ka dauki amfani da wannan halin da ake ciki da kuma tsayar da sufuri ta hanyar da karkararta. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne mu kasa da aka zamar masa dole ya gama wadannan cibiyoyin a ko'ina cikin duniya ɓullo da kuma na zamani kai farfajiyoyi.

Rasha ne quite iya dauka a kan kusan dukkan manyan Eurasian kai qarqashinsu. Masana sun yi hasashen cewa, idan ba za ka iya isa riga 15-20 shekaru haihuwa daidai reorganization na cikin gida da kai tsarin wannan. A Rasha akwai duk da yanayi na cewa: wani m cibiyar sadarwa na Railways, wani m tsarin na hanyõyi, kasancewar wani m cibiyar sadarwa na navigable koguna. Duk da haka, da aiwatar da samuwar tasiri kai farfajiyoyi hada da ba wai kawai fadada daga cikin kai Grid, amma kuma ta zamani, kazalika da dabaru da kuma kai aminci.

Very alamar rahama ga Rasha, halittar da ake kira MTC "Gabas - West" - wata babbar kai corridor cewa zai gama Turai da Japan. Dalili na wannan kasa da kasa kai corridor iya karya yanzu data kasance Trans-Siberian Railway, tare da rassan zuwa teku tashoshin jiragen ruwa na arewacin Rasha.

Kamar yadda kididdigar baya-bayan nan da shekaru, cinikayya tsakanin kasashen Turai da kuma kasashen gabashin Asiya (musamman Japan da Korea ta Kudu) ya karu da fiye da fivefold. The girma na kaya tsakanin yankuna biyu da aka hawa a fadin teku. Saboda haka, kai tsaye overland kai corridor iya zama mai kyau madadin teku hanya. Amma ga cewa Rasha hukuma kamata sa mai yawa kokarin da kuma kayan wajen.

ITC "Arewa - ta Kudu"

International kai corridor "Arewa - ta Kudu" samar da wani dangane da Baltic kasashen dake yankin da Indiya da kuma kasar Iran. wannan corridor Index: NS.

Babban gasa na corridor ne mai Maritime kai hanya ta cikin Suez Canal. Duk da haka, da ITC "Arewa - ta Kudu" tana da yawan moriya sosai. Da farko, ƙasar hanya rabin tsawon na nesa, wanda ke nufin cewa sufuri na kaya a cikin wannan hanya ne da yawa mai rahusa.

Kamar yadda na yau, musamman wani aiki takara na wannan corridor hidima Kazakhstan. A kasar yana amfani da shi don safarar su fitarwa kayayyakin (musamman hatsi) a kasashen Gulf. A general yawa na wannan corridor aka kiyasta a 25 ton miliyan na kaya a kowace shekara.

ITC "Arewa - ta Kudu" ya hada da uku main rassan:

• The Trans-Caspian - haɗu da tashar jiragen ruwa Olya, Astrakhan da Makhachkala.
• Gabas - shi ne mai ƙasar dogo mahaɗi a cikin kasashen na Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma Iran.
• Yammacin - kara Astrakhan layi - Samur - Astara (ta hanyar Makhachkala).

Pan-Turai MTC № 1

M kai tsarin a tsakiya da gabashin Turai da aka kira da Pan-Turai. Yana maida hankali ne akan goma duniya farfajiyoyi na daban-daban kwatance. Ake magana a kai a matsayin "PE" da Bugu da kari wasu lambobi (I zuwa X).

A kwanon rufi-Turai kasa da kasa kai corridor-1 ya wuce ta kasashe shida: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, da Rasha da kuma Poland. Its total tsawon shi ne 3285 kilomita (daya - 1655 kilomita - a kan motorways da kuma 1630 km - by jirgin kasa).

A kwanon rufi-Turai MTC lambar 1 binds tare da manyan Turai dajiya: Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas da Warsaw. A cikin iyakoki na wannan corridor akwai shida filayen jiragen sama da kuma 11 mashigai. Sashe na daga shi ya wuce ta ƙasar Rasha, a cikin Kaliningrad yankin, da ya hada da wata babbar Baltic tashar jiragen ruwa - birnin Kaliningrad.

Pan-Turai MTC № 2

A shekarar 1994 a tsibirin Crete bakuncin taron na musamman a kan kai, wanda ya bayyana da babban kwatance na gaba Pan-Turai kai tsarin. Ya qunshi 10 daban-daban kwatance.

A kwanon rufi-Turai kasa da kasa kai corridor-2 ya haɗu Tsakiya Turai tare da Turai ɓangare na Rasha. Ya gudanar a fadin jihohi hudu. Shi ne Jamus, Poland, Belarus da kuma Rasha Federation. Kai corridor ta haɗu manyan birane irin su Berlin, Poznan, Warsaw, Brest, Minsk, Moscow da kuma Nizhny Novgorod.

A ƙarshe ...

Saboda haka, ci gaban kasa da kasa kai farfajiyoyi da matukar muhimmanci ga kowane yanki na duniya. Halittar kuma da tasiri aiki na irin farfajiyoyi yi nufi ga ba kawai tattalin arziki, amma kuma al'adu, alƙaluma da kuma soja-dabarun.