Ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula rayuwa siffofin. Rayuwa siffofin: ba-salon salula da kuma salon salula

All kwayoyin an hada da Kwayoyin - mafi karami tsarin da kuma aikin naúrar na tsarin. Amma akwai kuma wadanda ba salula siffofin rai: ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma bacteriophages. Mene ne fasali na tsarin a yarda musu su zauna ta cancanci wuri tsakanin mulkokin halitta? Bari mu gano more.

Ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula siffofin rai

Fassara daga Girkanci sunan ga wadannan kwayoyin da aka fassara a matsayin "guba." Wannan shi ne wani hatsari. Tsirara ido da suka taba gani, amma kusan kowa da kowa ya koma a kansu su tasiri. Bayan duk, mura-kamar bayyanar cututtuka a cikin hunturu yin karan at mu gidan ba tare da tambayar.

Yana yanzu, aka sani cewa cutar - na ba-salon salula rayuwa form. Biology of wadannan kwayoyin da ya zauna wani asiri da ƙarni. Shi ne kawai a cikin marigayi 19th karni Rasha physiologist Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky nuna cewa causative jamiái na da yawa cututtuka ne kawai ƙwayoyin cuta. Masana kimiyya sun yi karatu da taba shuka, wanda aka buga ta da taba mosaic. Ya ce cewa idan sap na da waxannan cututtukan shuke-shuke shiga cikin lafiya, shi zai kayar da ita.

A tsarin da cutar

Me ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula siffofin rayuwa? Amsar mai sauki ce: su jiki ba ya tashi daga Kwayoyin. Yana da wani kwayoyin na nucleic acid kewaye da mai gina jiki harsashi - capsid. Rarrabe DNA- da RNA-dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Dangane da tsarin fasali na ba-salon salula rayuwa siffofin - ƙwayoyin cuta - kasu kashi sauki da kuma hadaddun. Tsohon suna da classic tsarin nucleic acid da sunadaran. A karo na biyu a lokacin taron bugu da žari a haɗe da wani ɓangare na jini membrane. Yana hidima a matsayin ƙarin m casing.

Don me suke rayuwa?

Saboda haka, ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula rayuwa siffofin, ba su da saba membrane da wasu gabbansa - na yau da kullum cell Tsarin cewa yin takamaiman ayyuka. By abin da ãyõyinMu suka koma zuwa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta? Za su iya yi kiwo tsari. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa a waje daga cikin rundunar kwayoyin, ba su nuna wani alamu na rai. Da zarar cutar ne a cikin cell, shi zai fara haduwa da sunadarai. Lokacin da wannan tsari yana farawa danniya aiki nasu jiki sunadarai na gina jiki.

Kwayar sunadaran enzymes yi aiki a matsayin - mai ilimin aiki abu. Su gaggauta sake kunnawa na nucleic acid. Saboda haka, adadin kasashen waje barbashi qara, kuma da kansa kira tafiyar matakai an tsaya. A sakamakon haka, da jiki ya zama m, kamar yadda tsari ga fara haifuwa da cutar na bukatar makamashi da kuma kwayoyin halitta cell rundunar.

bacteriophages

Ƙwayoyin cuta - maras salula rayuwa siffofin da suke iya parasitize a duk kwayoyin. Kuma guda-celled prokaryotic kwayoyin ne ba togiya.

"Masu cin" daga wadannan kwayoyin ake kira bacteriophages. Domin shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin rundunar cell, sun kawai allurar da kansa nucleic acid kwayoyin ta hanyar da membrane a cikin cell cytoplasm. A cikin rabin awa a cikin kwayar bacteria kafa wani mutum ɗari cutar barbashi.

Kamar yadda bacteriophage ne a cikin yanayi na da ganima? A gaskiya wannan kwayar barbashi yana da musamman rabe cewa gane da prokaryotic kwayoyin.

ƙwayoyin cuta shigar da hanya zuwa ga jiki

Non-salon salula rayuwa siffofin - ƙwayoyin cuta, ciwon m tsarin, suna iya shiga cikin rundunar kwayoyin a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Sun dogara ne a kan halaye na da tsarin. Domin mutumin da ya fi kowa daga wadannan ne Airborne hanyar shigar azzakari cikin farji ta hanyar mucous membranes, abinci da kuma ruwa.

Vector hatsari cututtuka kamar encephalitis, rawaya zazzabi, an karɓa. A wannan yanayin, ticks da sauro, bi da bi. Lokacin jima'i yiwu kamuwa da cuta da hepatitis B, kuma C, HIV da herpes.

A tartsatsi yanayi da ƙwayoyin cuta infecting shuke-shuke da kuma fungi. Shigar azzakari cikin farji daga wadannan kwayoyin faruwa ne ta wurare na lalacewa a cikin cell bango.

An muhimmanci alama na ƙwayoyin cuta ne su selectivity. Wannan yana nufin cewa barbashi cewa buga mutumin, ba zai shafi shuka da kuma kwayan kwayoyin, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Ƙwayoyin cuta: amfani ko cuta

Abin da amfani iya kawo wadannan kwayoyin idan suka sa a hadarin mutuwa cututtuka: ciwon hauka, mura, smallpox, da sauransu. Da cewa shi ne virus - maras salula siffofin rayuwa - form rigakafi. Wannan ra'ayi yana nufin da ikon da kwayoyin da su yi tsayayya ga cututtuka. Rigakafi ne nakasar, wanda aka wakilta jini antibodies da samu.

Karshe ne zuwa kashi na halitta da kuma wucin gadi. A canja wurin ƙwaƙwalwar cututtuka na kwayar barbashi ya zauna a cikin na musamman jini Kwayoyin - antibody. Maimaita lamba tare da dan hanya kwayoyin da suka gane da cutar, kuma ya halaka shi da kwayuka narkewa - phagocytosis. Artificial rigakafi da aka samu a sakamakon alurar riga kafi. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa jikin mutum harba da raunana cutar da antibodies fara magance shi, forming rigakafi memory.

Saboda da daban-daban siffofin rigakafi jiki rike ta lamarinsa daga farko numfashin wani jariri cikin rayuwa. Kowane minti daya cikin jini shiga wani jam'i na kwayar barbashi. Idan adadin antibodies ya ishe su darkãkẽwa, wani mutum ne da lafiya. Haka kuma cutar yakan faru a cikin wani akwati inda kwayar barbashi fi yawa da kuma albarkatun da rigakafi da tsarin bai isa ya sa su m.

Non-salon salula rayuwa siffofin - ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma phages - ne wakilin mutum mulkokin yanayi, wanda ake kira Vira. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, babban aiki na epidemiologists ne don ƙirƙirar sabon alluran da yawa m kwayar cututtuka. Gaskiyar ita ce, a kan aiwatar da kai-taro na maye gurbi da kuma samuwar sabuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na HIV cewa infects sosai rigakafi da tsarin, yin jiki gaba daya defenseless. Wannan shi ne babbar matsala ga kimiyyar zamani. Muna fatan za a warware a nan gaba.