Thomas Edison Alva: biography da kuma hoto

Thomas Edison Alva (photo da aka nuna daga baya a cikin labarin) - American kirkiro wanda ya rajista a rikodin 1.093 patents. Ya kuma halicci farko masana'antu bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Thomas Edison Alva - wanda shi ne shi?

An fara aiki a 1863, wani matashi a gidan waya ofishin, inda kusan kawai tushen ikon wani m baturi, shi ne har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1931, tsunduma a cikin m na zamanin da wutar lantarki. Daga ta dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma nazarinsa zo da phonograph, da carbon kwantena Reno, Lagwani, juyin juya halin Musulunci janareta na tsangwama ba, da farko tsarin kasuwanci lighting da kuma samar da lantarki, da gwaji lantarki Railway, ainihin abubuwan da fim kayan aiki, da kuma da yawa wasu ƙirƙirãwa.

Taqaitaccen Tarihin wani matashi,

Thomas Edison Alva aka haife kan 11.02.1847, a Maylene, Ohio, a cikin iyali Samyuelya Edisona da Nensi Eliot. Iyaye gudu zuwa Amurka daga Canada bayan mahaifinsa hannu a cikin yunkuri MacKenzie a 1837. Sa'ad da yake 7, iyalinsa ya koma Port Huron, Michigan. Thomas Edison Alva, ƙarami da yara bakwai, ya rayu a nan har ya fara nasa rai da shekaru goma sha shida. A makaranta, ya koya sosai kadan, kawai 'yan watanni. Karatun, rubuce-rubuce da kuma ilmin lissafi sanar da shi da uwa tasa, da mai koyarwarta kuma. Ya kasance ko da yaushe sosai m yaro da kuma miƙa zuwa ilmi da kanta.

Thomas Edison Alva ciyar da yara, da yawa daga karatu, da kuma kafofin da wahayi ya littafin "The School of Natural Falsafa" R. Parker "Cooper Union domin gabatarwa na kimiyya da kuma al'adu." The so domin kai kyautata zauna tare da shi cikin rayuwarsa.

Alva ya fara aiki a wani wuri shekaru, kamar mafi yara a wannan lokaci. A 13 sai ya tafi aiki da mai sayarwa na jaridu da kuma alewa a gida Railway haxe Port Huron zuwa Detroit. Mafi yawansu ya free lokaci ya kishin karanta kimiyya da fasaha da littattafai, da kuma dauki damar koyi yin aiki a kan gidan waya. By da shekaru 16, Edison aka riga ya dandana isa aiki cikakken lokaci telegrapher.

A farko firtsi

A ci gaba da gidan waya shi ne mataki na farko a cikin sadarwa juyin juya hali, da kuma na biyu da rabi daga cikin XIX karni, ta yi girma a cikin hanzari. Wannan ya ba Edison da abokan aiki da damar tafiya, ganin kasar da kuma samun kwarewa. Alva ya yi aiki a wani yawan birane a fadin Amurka kafin 1868 ya isa a Boston. Ga Edison ya fara canza sana'a zuwa gidan waya kirkiro. Ya jadadda mallaka lantarki zaben rakoda - a na'urar tsara don amfani a zabe jikinsu kamar Congress, don bugun sama hanya. Da sabuwar dabara ne mai sayar da gazawar. Edison yanke shawarar cewa a nan gaba zai zo da sama da kawai abubuwa a cikin jama'a bukatar cewa ya zama gaba daya tabbata.

Thomas Edison Alva: A Biography of kirkiro

A 1869 ya koma New York, inda ya ci gaba da aiki a kan inganta da gidan waya da kuma halitta da farko nasara na'urar - musayar na'ura "duniya stock firintar." Thomas Edison Alva, ƙirƙirãwa wanda ya kawo shi 40 dubu. Dollars, ya zama dole kudi a 1871 domin bude ta farko kananan dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu wurare a Newark, New Jersey. Fiye da shekaru biyar yã ƙirƙira da kuma sanya na'ura, muhimmanci inganta da gudun da kuma yadda ya dace da gidan waya. Edison kuma sami lokacin yin aure Mary Stilwell da kuma fara iyali.

A 1876, ya sayar duk da samar da a Newark da koma da matarsa, da 'ya'yansu da kuma ma'aikata a cikin karamin kauye na Menlo Park, 40 km kudu maso yammacin New York City. Edison gina wani sabon abu dauke da duk kana bukatar for inventive aiki. Wannan bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka karo na farko da irin da ya zama wani abin koyi ga daga baya cibiyoyin kamar Bell dakunan gwaje-gwaje. An ce da ta kasance mafi girma da sabuwar dabara. Ga Edison ya fara canza duniya.

A farko phonograph

A farko mai girma sabuwar dabara a Menlo Park zama tsare-phonograph. A farko inji cewa iya rikodi da kuma wasa da baya sauti, halitta a furor da kuma kawo Edison duniya daraja. Tare da shi, ya yi rangadin kasar da kuma a watan Afrilu 1878 ya aka kira su zuwa fadar White House ya nuna phonograph Shugaba Rutherford Hayes.

lantarki haske

A gaba mai kamfanin Edison ya raya wani m Lagwani fitilar. A ra'ayin na lantarki haske ya kasance ba sabon, da kuma mutane da dama sun riga aiki a kan shi, ko da ya ci gaba da wasu daga cikin misalansa. Amma har zuwa wannan lokaci, shi da aka ba su halicci kõme cewa zai iya zama da amfani a gida amfani.

Edison ta firtsi abin yabo ne ba kawai Lagwani, amma kuma da ikon samar da tsarin, wanda ya abin da kuke bukatar ya zama m, mai lafiya da kuma tattali. Bayan daya da rabi shekaru, ya kasance nasara, a lokacin da wani Lagwani fitilar, wanda amfani da wani carbonized filament fitilu domin 13.5 hours.

A farko jama'a zanga-zanga na lighting tsarin da aka gudanar a watan Disamba 1879, lokacin da aka sanye take da wani dukan hadaddun na dakunan gwaje-gwaje a cikin Menlo Park. A na gaba 'yan shekaru da ya kirkiro ya kebe halittar wutar lantarki. A watan Satumba 1882 ya fara aiki da farko kasuwanci ikon tashar aka located a kan Pearl Street a Lower Manhattan, wanda ya samar da wutar lantarki da kuma haske ga abokan ciniki a kan wani yanki na daya square mil. Haka abin ya fara zamanin da wutar lantarki.

Edison General Electric

lantarki lighting nasarar jagoranci kirkiro a daraja da kuma arziki a matsayin sabon fasaha yada hanzari a ko'ina cikin duniya. Electric Company ci gaba wajen samar da har suka garwaya a cikin 1889, a cikin "Edison General Electric." Duk da yin amfani da sunayen da ya kirkiro a cikin sunan kamfani, bai sarrafa shi ba. Babbar adadin babban birnin kasar da ake bukata domin ci gaba da lighting masana'antu, nema jawo zuba jari bankuna kamar JP Morgan. A lokacin da a 1892, Edison General Electric garwaya da ta babban gasa Thompson-Houston, da ya kirkiro da sunan an share daga sunanta.

Gwaurancin da na biyu aure

Thomas Edison Alva, wanda sirri rayuwa a cikin 1884 da aka ɓaci ta wurin mutuwa da matarsa, da Maryamu, basu da yawa lokaci don su bada Menlo Park. Kuma saboda sa hannu a cikin harkokin kasuwanci, ya fara kai ziyara a can har kasa. Maimakon haka, da shi da 'ya'ya uku - Marion Estelle, Thomas Edison Alva Jr. da Uilyam Lesli - zauna a New York. A shekara daga baya, Allaha a wani aboki gidan a New England, Edison hadu ashirin Mina Miller da kuma ƙaunar da ita. A bikin aure ya faru a watan Fabrairu 1886, da kuma biyu koma West Orange, New Jersey, inda ango ya saya da amarya Estate Glenmont. The biyu zauna a nan har mutuwarsa.

Laboratory a West Orange

Bayan ya koma Thomas Edison Alva aka tsunduma a gwaje-gwajen a wani makeshift studio a cikin fitila Factory a nan kusa Harrison, New Jersey. A 'yan watanni bayan ya aure, ya yanke shawarar gina wani sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin West Orange, a mil daga gidansa. By lokacin da yake da shi da isasshen albarkatun da gwaninta ya gina mafi kyau sanye take da kuma babban dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya fi dukan sauran mutane, ga wani da sauri da kuma m cin gaban ƙirƙirãwa.

A sabon hadaddun na biyar gine-gine da aka bude a cikin Nuwamba 1887. The uku-storey babban ginin sun ikon, inji nazarinsa, warehouses, da wuraren don gwaje-gwajen da kuma babban dakin karatu. Hudu karami gine-gine gina perpendicular zuwa babban saliha jiki, sinadaran da metallurgical dakunan gwaje-gwaje, a bitar ga halittar samfurori da kuma ajiya na sinadarai. A manyan size daga cikin hadaddun yarda Edison aiki ba a ranar daya amma a kan goma ko ashirin ayyukan lokaci guda. Gine-gine shiga up ko gina saduwa da canza bukatun da ya kirkiro har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1931. Domin shekaru masu yawa a kusa da Lab sun gina masana'antu don samar da Edison halittun. A dukan hadaddun kyakkyawan dauki fiye da 8 kadada, kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, 10,000 mutane aiki a can.

rikodi masana'antu

Bayan bude daga cikin sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje, Thomas Edison Alva ci gaba da aiki a kan phonograph, amma sai ya sa shi zuwa ƙarshen 1870s tsunduma a lantarki haske. By 1890, ya fara samar da phonographs for gida da kuma kasuwanci amfani. Kamar yadda tare da lantarki haske, ya tsara duk abin da wajibi ne ga aikinsu, ciki har da na'urorin ga audio rikodi da kuma sake kunnawa, kazalika da kayan aiki domin su saki. A wannan yanayin, Edison halitta mai rikodin masana'antu. Ci gaba da kuma kyautata na phonograph tafi a kan ci gaba da kuma ci gaba da kusan zuwa mutuwa na kirkiro.

cinema

A lokaci guda Edison fara samar da na'urar iya yin ido abin da phonograph - ga kunnuwa. Suka zama wani cinema. The kirkiro ya nuna shi a cikin 1891, da kuma bayan shekaru biyu ta fara Manufacturing "fina-finai" a wani kankanin studio, gina a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da aka sani da "Chernaya Mariya".

Kamar yadda a yanayin saukan lantarki haske da phonograph, to wannan Hadakar tsarin ga halittar da zanga-zanga da fina-finai an ci gaba. Da farko, da ayyuka na Edison a cikin movie ne m kuma na asali. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa suna sha'awar a cikin wannan sabon masana'antu da kuma so ya inganta farkon cinematic aiki na kirkiro. Saboda haka, taimako ga m ci gaba da yawa fina-finai sanya. A ƙarshen 1890s shi ya wadãta wani sabon masana'antu, da kuma ta 1918 th shi ya zama haka m cewa, ko da Edison ya fita daga kasuwanci.

Da gazawar da Karafa

Cigaba phonographs da kuma fina-finai a cikin 1890s taimaka wajen rama domin mafi girma gazawar a cikin aiki na Edison. Domin shekaru goma da ya yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma a cikin tsohon baƙin ƙarfe mahakar a arewa maso yammacin New Jersey a kan hanyoyin da hakar tama saduwa da insatiable bukatar karfe Mills na Pennsylvania. Don bayar da kuɗaɗen wannan aiki, Edison sayar da "General Electric" duk da hannun jari.

Duk da shekaru goma na aikin da miliyoyin daloli ciyar a kan bincike da ci gaban, ya kasa sa tsari kudi ne mai yiwuwa, kuma ya rasa duk kudi zuba jari. Wannan yana nufin kudi lalata idan ba Edison ci gaba wajen samar da phonograph da movie a lokaci guda. Zama cewa kamar yadda shi may, da kirkiro shiga sabon karni kasance financially amintacce kuma shirya jefa wani sabon kalubale.

alkaline baturi

Edison ya zama wani sabon kalubale wajen samar da batura don amfani a lantarki da motoci. The kirkiro da aka sosai m motoci, da kuma duk rayuwarsa ya kasance mai shi da yawa iri aiki a kan daban-daban hanyoyin makamashi. Edison yi imani da cewa don su ne mafi kyau man fetur da wutar lantarki, amma da damar da na al'ada gubar-acid batura ga wannan bai isa ba. A 1899 ya fara aiki a kan alkaline baturi. Wannan aikin ya fi wuya da kuma dauki shekaru goma. By lokacin da sabon alkaline batura da aka shirya, man fetur motocin inganta haka cewa lantarki motocin da aka yi amfani da wuya, mafi yawa a matsayin hanyar isar a cikin birane. Duk da haka, alkaline batura sun tabbatar da amfani ga lighting Railway motoci da kuma bukkokin, marine buoys da kuma hakar gwal fitilu. Ya bambanta da Karafa, gagarumin jari biya haraji ɗari ɗari, da kuma a kan lokaci, da baturi ya zama mafi m samfurin na Edison.

Thomas Edison A. Inc.

By 1911, Thomas Edison Alva ɓullo da wani m masana'antu aiki a West Orange. Around Lab yawa masana'antu, da kuma hadadden ma'aikatan ya girma ga dama dubu da aka gina. Don mafi shiryar da aiki, Edison ya tara dukan da ya kafa kamfanin a daya kamfani Thomas Edison A. Inc., shugaba da kuma wanda shugaban ya ya. Ya kasance 64 years old, da kuma rawar da ya taka a kamfanin da kuma a rayuwa ta fara canza. Edison ya wakilai mafi yawan su kullum aiki ga wasu. A dakin gwaje-gwaje da kanta daukan kasa da wani asali gwaji da kuma inganta data kasance kayayyakin. Ko da yake Edison ya ci gaba da fayil kuma samu patents ga sabon qirqire, kwanakin halittar sabon abubuwa, canja rayuka da kuma haifar da sabon masana'antu, sun aka bari a baya.

Aiki a kan tsaro

A 1915, Edison aka tambaye shugabanci Sojan Ruwa Shawarwari kwamitin. Amurka kusa hallara a yakin duniya na da halittar da kwamitin ya yi wani yunkurin shirya da talanti manyan masana kimiyya da kuma ir a kasar a cikin bukatun da Amurka sojoji. Edison amince. The Board bai sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga karshe nasara, amma aiki a matsayin wani m for nan gaba nasara hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana kimiyya, da kuma ir Amurka sojoji. A lokacin yakin, yana da shekaru saba'in da shekaru, Edison ya ciyar a watanni da dama a Long Island a kan jirgin na Navy, gwaji da hanyoyin da ganewa na submarines.

Golden jubili

Thomas Edison Alva ir kuma industrialists zama al'adu icon, wata alama ce American Enterprise. A 1928, a fitarwa na kyaututukan da ya samu, da Amurka Congress bayar da shi musamman samu lambar na karimci. A shekara ta 1929, kasar bikin zinariya jubili na lantarki lighting. A culmination na hutu ya liyafa a cikin girmamawa Edison, wanda ya ba Henry Ford a Greenfield Village gidan kayan gargajiya sabon tarihin {asar Amirka (da aka gaba daya sake kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin Menlo Park). Girmama ziyarci shugaban kasar Gerbert Guver da yawa manyan American masana kimiyya da kuma ir.

Sauyawa for roba

Recent gwaje-gwajen a cikin rãyuwar Edison sanya a request ya kyau abokai Genri Forda da Harvey Firestone a cikin marigayi 1920s. Suna so ne su sami wani madadin tushen roba don amfani a mota tayoyin. Har sai wannan lokacin, a samar da tayoyin amfani halitta roba cirewa daga roba itace, wanda ke tsiro a Amurka. Danye roba shigo da ƙara tsada. Tare da halayyar da makamashi da kuma fayyace Edison gwada dubban daban-daban shuke-shuke a sami wani m sauyawa, da kuma kyakkyawan samu cewa sauyawa na roba iya zama goldenrod. Aiki a kan wannan aikin ya ci gaba har mutuwa ta kirkiro.

'yan shekarun nan

A lokacin da shekaru biyu na karshe na rayuwar Edison ya kiwon lafiya ya deteriorated muhimmanci. Ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo daga cikin Lab, maimakon aiki daga gida a Glenmont. A tafiya zuwa iyali villa a Fort Myers a Florida ya zama ya fi tsayi. Edison wuce tamanin, kuma ya sha wahala daga wani adadin ailments. A watan Agusta, 1931, ya zama da lafiya. Edison ta kiwon lafiya ya rika tsananta, kuma a 3:21 am Oktoba 18, 1931 mai girma kirkiro mutu.

An suna bayan wani gari a New Jersey, biyu kolejoji da yawa makarantu.