Yanzu kuma dormant Icelandic aman wuta

Ga mutane da yawa, da manufar "aman wuta" da ake dangantawa da wani babban dutse, daga saman wanda gas tsere a cikin sama Fountain, ash kuma wuta, kuma gangara suna cike da ja-zafi lawa. Irish volcanoes a kan classic kamar kadan. Tall su ne a cikin mafi yawan su ba da ban sha'awa. Kawai wasu "ketare" da alama na 2 km, da sauran ana sa a cikin 1-1.5 km, kuma da yawa ko da kasa. Alal misali, hverfjall, Eldfedl, Surtsey kawai fada takaice a tsawo na dama da ɗari mita, duba more kamar talakawa tuddai. Amma wadannan alama lumana da kafaffen halittar Mother Nature, a gaskiya zai iya kawo matsala babu kasa da sanannen Dutsen Etna ko Vesuvius. Mun bayar don samun sani su kuma bari mu fara daga mahaifarsa.

The tsanani tsibirin

Nature son surprises. Alal misali, tsibirin Iceland, ta ya halitta, kiwon teku na Mid-Atlantic Ridge, wanda shi ne kawai a shafin na wata babbar tectonic dinki. Ya lithospheric faranti, daya daga wanda shine tushe na Eurasia, da kuma na biyu - a North America, yau, iyalinsu hankali diverge, game da shi, ƙarfafa mai ƙwazo aiki na Icelandic aman wuta. Ƙanana da manyan shigowa yana faruwa game da kowane 4-6 shekaru.

A yanayi na Iceland, ba da kusanci na wurinta don Arctic Circle, za a iya kira da taushi. A dumi bazara ke nan, ko da yake, shi ba ya faru. Amma cikin matsananci winters ma suna rare, amma mai yawa hazo da dama. Zai ze unusually sharadi gwargwado ga iri daban-daban da ciyayi da ya kamata a nan buyat da dama iko. Amma a gaskiya 3/4 na tsibirin ne mai m Filato, a wasu wuraren an rufe shi da mosses da kuma rare ganye. Bugu da kari, na 103 000 murabba'in kilomita 12,000 game shagaltar da glaciers. Ga wani halitta wuri mai faɗi kewaye da Icelandic aman wuta da kuma ado da gangara. Bugu da kari a bayyane ido, a kusa da tsibirin da yawa volcanoes, ɓõyẽwa, da wani Layer na garin kankara teku ruwa. All tare da suke lissafa kusan ɗari da hamsin, ciki har da 26 yana aiki.

Sashen siffofin

A siffar na Icelandic volcanoes ne overwhelmingly garkuwoyi. Sai suka samar da wani ruwa lawa akai-akai streamed zuwa surface na duniya ta ciki. Wadannan dutsen tsarin da wani nau'i na convex garkuwa da wani fairly m gangara. Su fi lashe craters, kuma sau da yawa ake kira caldera wakiltar babbar daruna da wani fiye ko žasa da lebur kasa da kuma ganuwar abruptly karya. Caldera diamita auna a kilomita, da tsawo daga cikin ganuwar - daruruwan mita. Garkuwa volcanoes ayan zoba saboda da zuba daga wadannan lawa. A sakamakon haka ne a sararin volcanic garkuwa, wanda aka lura a tsibirin Iceland. Suna hada da yafi na basaltic kankara cewa narke yada fitar kamar ruwa.

Bayan da garkuwa, a Iceland akwai stratovolcanoes. Wadannan suna da siffar wani mazugi tare da steeper gangara kamar yadda lawa erupting daga danko sosai, solidifies da sauri, kafin ya iya zube saboda mutane da yawa kilomita. A daukan hankali misali na irin wannan da aka sani samuwar aman wuta Hekla Iceland ko msl Askja.

By wuri rarrabe surface, karkashin ruwa, kuma a karkashin-kankara dutsen tsarin, da kuma ta "rayuwa" - dormant da kuma aiki. Bugu da kari, akwai mutane da yawa kananan laka volcanoes spewing lawa ne ba, da kuma gas da kuma datti.

"Gateway zuwa ga Jahannama"

Saboda haka Kwafa aman wuta a kudancin Iceland, da ake kira Hekla. Ya aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki tun da shigowa yana faruwa kusan kowane shekaru 50. Karshe lokacin da shi ya faru a karshen Fabrairu 2000. Hekla dubi majestic fari mazugi, sunã gaggãwa a cikin sama. A form shi ne stratovolcano, da kuma yanayinsa yana da wani ɓangare na dutsen fuska, wanda lullube for 40 km. Yana da dukan m, amma ya nuna mafi girma aiki a yankin na crack Geklugya tsawon 5.500 m, mallakar Hecla. Tare da Iceland da wannan kalma za a iya fassara a matsayin "kaho da alkyabbar." Shin da sunan aman wuta ya ga cewa ta saman ne sau da yawa an rufe shi da girgije. Yanzu gangaren Hekla kusan m, amma da zarar sun kasance itãce, kuma shrubs, ciyawa rioted. Ba da dadewa ba, kasar ya fara aiki a maido da wannan aman wuta fauna, yafi Willows da birches.

Na girgizar kasa aiki a cikin yankin sun sha wahala daga Iceland. Dutsen Hekla aman wuta (bisa ga masana kimiyya) rayayye spits fitar lawa a Duniya ta surface riga 6600 shekara. By nazarin volcanic strata, Seismologists gano cewa, da karfi shigowa faru a nan a cikin tazara daga 950 a 1150 ta. BC. By yawa na ash fitad da shi a yanayi a lõkacin da ya aka bai 5 da maki daga 7 yiwu. Ikon da shigowa ne irin wannan cewa 'yan shekaru da kika aika da iska zazzabi a Arewa Hemisphere na Duniya. Cikin tsofaffin rubuce shigowa a Hekla faru a 1104, da kuma mafi tsawo - a 1947. Yana dade fiye da wani shekara. Kullum, a cikin shigowa na Hekla duk musamman, duk daban-daban. Juna a nan, daya ne kawai - da ya fi tsayi da aman wuta barci, da mafi sha musantawa sa'an nan.

Askja

Daya daga cikin mafi "yawon shakatawa" da kuma aka dauke su mafi kyau wannan ne aman wuta located a gabashin ɓangare na tsibirin, a cikin Vatnajökull National Park, mai suna bayan da babbar gleiser (mafi girma a Iceland, da kuma na uku a duniya a kan wannan nuna alama). Askja ne a arewacin gefen kuma ba a rufe da kankara. Ya lẽƙãwa a kan tudu a 1510 mita da kuma shi ne sanannen domin ta tabkuna - manya da kananan Eskyuvati Viti, ya bayyana a cikin caldera saboda shigowa na Askja a 1875. Eskyuvati tare game da 220 zurfin mita ne mafi zurfi lake a kasar. Viti yawa karami - kawai up to 7 mita zurfin. Yana janyo hankalin daruruwan yawon bude ido m Milky blue color of ruwa da kuma cewa ta zazzabi za a tashi zuwa 60 digiri Celsius, kuma ba saukad da ƙasa da 20 digiri. Viti madubi kusan daidai zagaye, da kuma bankuna ne sosai high (50 m) da kuma m. A kwana na gangara ne mafi girma daga 45 digiri. Fassara daga Icelandic "Viti" na nufin "jahannama", taimaka ta taba-ba wari da sulfur nan. A karshe shigowa na Icelandic aman wuta Askja faru, a 1961, kuma tun sa'an nan ya ke barci, ko da yake an dauke inganci. Yana bai tsorata da yawon bude ido da wanda ya ziyarci Askew haka aiki da cewa akwai ma wani deben yin yawo hanya 2, da kuma 8 km daga caldera jita-jita gina zango.

Bárðarbunga

The sunan Icelandic aman wuta Bárðarbunga sau da yawa rage tsawon zuwa Bárðarbunga. Yana bayyana a madadin Baurdur. Wancan, da shi da sunan daya daga cikin tsoho natsuwa na tsibirin, wanda a fili yake zaune a wadannan wurare, kamar yadda aka fassara daga Icelandic "Bárðarbunga" na nufin "tudun Baurdura". Yanzu shi ne kowa, kuma kowa, yin ɗimuwa a nan kawai dayansu amma yawon bude ido, har ma sai kawai a lokacin rani. A aman wuta ne mai makwabcin Aski, amma aka located kawai kudu, kawai a karkashin gefen Vatnajökull gleiser. Wannan shi ne mai gwada da high (2009 m) stratovolcano lokaci zuwa lokaci "m" ta eruptions. Daya daga cikin mafi girma, samu 6 da maki, ya faru a 1477.

A karshe "zamba" da Icelandic aman wuta Bárðarbunga mugun addabi jijiyoyi mazauna tsibirin, musamman da kamfanin jirgin sama ma'aikata. A 1910 akwai wani shigowa, amma ba musamman karfi, sa'an nan dutsen ya kwanta daga barin. Kuma a yanzu, bayan kusan shekara ɗari daya, wato a shekara ta 2007, Seismologists sun lura da aiki sake, wanda aka hankali ya karu. kai iyakar jira daga minti zuwa minti.

shigowa

A farkon lokacin rani na 2014 kida rubuta gagarumin yunkuri a cikin magma jam'iyya Bárðarbunga. 17 ga watan Agusta, a wuri na aman wuta yankin faru tremors tilasta 3.8 maki, da kuma a kan 18th of girma ya karu zuwa 4.5 da maki. Da aka za'ayi gaggawa fitarwa na mazauna garuruwa na kusa da kuma yawon bude ido, da An katange hanyoyi part, ya ayyana wani rawaya code ga kamfanonin jiragen sama. A shigowa na Icelandic aman wuta Bárðarbunga fara 23rd. Launi code da aka nan da nan ya canza zuwa ja, duk flights kan yankin da aka dakatar. Duk da yake tremors tilasta 4,9-5,5 maki ci gaba, musamman a hadarin ga jirgin sama ba da, kuma da yamma na code launi canza zuwa orange. 29, magma bayyana. Yana zub daga bakin dutse da aman wuta da kuma yada zuwa Aski, departing daga gleiser. Launi code sake tayar da su ja, ya tsaya duk flights kan aman wuta, wanda muhimmanci wuya aikin kamfanonin jiragen sama. Kamar yadda magma yada lumana da yamma na 29th launi code sake saukar da zuwa orange. A Agusta 31 a 7 am daga baya taso Laifi magma zub da fitar da sabunta kuzari. Da nisa daga ta kwarara da kai 1 km da tsawon - 3 km. Code yana ja kuma da sake da yamma fadi zuwa orange. A wannan ruhu, da shigowa dade har zuwa karshen Fabrairu 2015, bayan da aman wuta ya fara fada barci. Bayan 16 kwana da yawon bude ido da suka garzaya nan sake.

Eyjafjallajökull

Daidai ambaci sunan Icelandic aman wuta iya kawai 0,005% na earthlings. Eyjafjallajökull - wani abu kusa da "gaskiya" a cikin Rasha version. Ko da yake wannan aman wuta da aka located a kudancin tsibirin (125 km daga Reykjavik), shi aka rufe a gleiser, wanda ya ba da sunan wannan hadaddun. Ice yanki ne fiye da 100 murabba'in kilomita. A saman shi ne tushen da kogin Skougau, kuma kawai a kasa cascade saukar m domin yawon bude ido da kuma waterfalls skógafoss Kvernyuvoss. Fiye ko žasa da gagarumin shigowa na Icelandic aman wuta Eyjafjallajökull faru a 1821. Ko da yake shi dade kusan watanni 13, matsala, fãce thawing na gleiser, ba tsĩrar, tun da tsanani ba ƙetare 2 da maki. Wannan aman wuta da aka dauke haka amintacce cewa a ta kudancin ƙwarai ko kafa kauyen skógar. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin watan Maris na 2010, da Eyjafjallajökull sake farka. A gabashin akwai wani 500-mita sabani, daga abin da iska tashi ash clubs. Yana da aka kan ta farkon watan Mayu. A wannan lokaci, da tsanani da shigowa kai maki 4. Yanzu da aman wuta gangara an rufe tare da wani kankara, da kuma kore ciyayi. Mutane da yawa suna sha'awar, to wanda Icelandic birni ne mafi kusa aman wuta Eyjafjallajökull. Akwai za a iya ambata skógar kauye, lambobi da yawa kamar yadda mutane 25. Next zo kauyen Holt, sa'an nan Hvolsvyulur Selfoss gari, located a kan dutsen game da 50 km.

Katla

Wannan aman wuta da aka located kawai 20 km daga Eyjafjallajökull ne mafi m. Tsayinsa ne 1512 mita, da kuma mita na eruptions - daga shekaru 40. Tun Katla jera rufe gleiser Myurdalsyokudl, ta aiki ne fraught tare da narkewa kankara da kuma ambaliyar ruwa da ya faru a cikin 1755-m da kuma 1918 m, da kuma 2011 m. Kuma na karshe lokaci shi ne don haka m, cewa rushe gada a kan kogin Mulakvisl da kuma halakar da hanyoyi. Masana kimiyya sun daidai tabbatar da cewa shigowa da Icelandic aman wuta Eyjafjallajökull kowane lokaci ne impetus ga ayyuka na Katla. A cikin wani hali, irin wannan tsarin da ake lura da 920 shekara.

Surtsey

Active volcanoes a Iceland ne musamman da amfani ga Icelanders. Suna taimaka wadãtar da kasar da kuma located in da na halitta mazauninsu geysers ake amfani da su zafi gidajensu, greenhouses, iyo waha. Amma dai ba duka. Volcanoes a Iceland ƙara da kasa! Karshe lokacin da shi ya faru a cikin watan Nuwamba 1963. Sa'an nan, bayan da shigowa na karkashin ruwa volcanoes a kudu maso yammacin tekun na tsibirin, wani sabon yanki na ƙasar kira Syurtseem. Ya kasance mai musamman yanayin ajiye, inda masu bincike waƙa da fitowan na rayuwa. Tsohon farko da cikakken m, Surtsey yanzu alfahari ba ne kawai mosses da lichens, kuma ko da furanni da kuma shrubs, wanda ya fara nesting tsuntsaye. Yanzu a nan muna kallon da gulls, Swans, razorbills, shearwaters, puffins, da sauransu. Syurtseya tsawo na 154 mita, yankin - 1.5 q. km, kuma shi har yanzu ci gaba da girma. Shi ne wani ɓangare na wani sarkar na karkashin ruwa volcanoes na Vestmannaeyjar.

Esja

Wannan dadaddun aman wuta ne sananne ga gaskiyar cewa a ta kafa shi ne babban birnin jihar - Reykjavik. Lokacin da shigowa da wani Icelandic aman wuta Esja karshe lokaci, da wuya a ce, amma wannan bai damu ba. Aman wuta wanda ganiya ne a bayyane daga kusan ko'ina a cikin birnin, ya ƙaunace ta dukan mazaunanta, da kuma musamman rare tare da yawon bude ido, masu hawa da kuma mahukunta na cikin matsananci kyau na halitta. Mountain range, ɓangare na abin da yake Esja, zai fara sama da Fjord babban birnin kasar da kuma ya zuwa National Park Thingvellir. A tsawo na aman wuta - game da 900 mita, da kuma sãsanninta ne overgrown tare da shrubs da furanni, suna da matukar picturesque.

Lucky

Wannan garkuwa aman wuta ne a Jewel na National Park Skaftafell. An located kusa da garin tare da wani sauki sunan Kirkyubeyarklaustur. Varnishes kewaye kunshe a Icelandic volcanoes 25 km dogon, kunsha na 115 craters. Volcanoes Katla da Grimsvotn - kuma links wannan sarkar. A tsawo daga cikin craters ne yafi kananan, game 800-900 mita. Lucky bakin dutse ta'allaka wani wuri a tsakiyar tsakanin glaciers - babbar Vatnajökull da kuma gwada da kananan mýrdalsjökull. Ya aka dauke aiki amma yana da riga fiye da shekaru 200, ba matsaloli.

Grimsvotn

Wannan aman wuta ne kokuwa kewaye wanda kunshi varnishes. A daidai tsawo na shi babu wanda ya san. Wasu zaton shi ne kawai 970 mita, yayin da wasu sa lambar a 1725 mita. The girma na bakin dutse ne ma wuya a ƙayyade, tun bayan kowane shigowa ana muhimmanci karu. The kalmar "Grimsvotn" a Icelandic nufin "narkakken ruwa". Yana bayyana, mai yiwuwa saboda bayan da shigowa auku narkewa wasu rabo daga kankara Vatnajökull wanda ya rufe. Grimsvotn ne kusan mafi aiki a kan yankin, kamar yadda aka kunna kowane 3-10 shekaru. A karshe wannan ya faru a shekarar 2011, ranar 21 ga Mayu. Hayaki da toka, ja daga daga bakin dutse, sa'an nan ya hau zuwa sama a 20 km. da yawa flights aka soke, ba kawai a cikin Iceland amma kuma a Birtaniya, Norway, Denmark, Scotland kuma ko da a Jamus.

The m shigowa

Lucky a lokacin ne shiru da kuma kwantar da hankula. Ya ji na takaici rare, amma kamar yadda suka faɗa, to batu. A 1783, sake tada aman wuta a Iceland - Lucky - sõyayya devilish ikon da ta makwabcin Grimsvotn da bubbling lawa kwarara buga unguwa. A tsawon rashin tsoro kogin na kan 130 km. Ta, sweeping tafi da kome a cikin hanyar, yada a kan wani yanki na 565 km ^2. A cikin iska, kamar yadda jahannama, swirled mai guba vapors na sunadarin flourine da sulfur. A sakamakon haka, dubban dabbobi ne aka kashe, kusan dukan tsuntsayen da kifi a yankin. Daga high yanayin zafi fara narke cikin kankara, su ruwa flooded duk da cewa ba a kone su. Wannan shigowa kashe 1/5 na kasar mazaunan, da kuma glowing hazo, ya lura duk lokacin rani, har ma a {asar Amirka, su runtse da yawan zafin jiki a cikin dukan arewacin yammancin duniya na duniya, haddasa yunwa a kasashen da dama. Wannan shigowa yana dauke da mafi yankunan domin 1000 shekara tarihi na Duniya.

Öræfajökull

Ga su ne, da Icelandic aman wuta. Gama mu labarin game da labarin ina so in Öræfajökull, da most a tsibirin. Wannan shi ne mafi girman aya a Iceland - Hvannadalshnjukur ganiya. Aman wuta da aka located a cikin yanayi ajiye Skaftafell. A tsawo daga wannan giant - 2119 mita, ta caldera ba zagaye, kamar mafi sauran irin abokai, da kuma rectangular tare da bangarorin 4 da 5 km. Öræfajökull dauke aiki, amma ta karshe shigowa da aka kammala a watan Mayu 1828, da kuma more har ya ba dame kowa - da halin kaka rufe da kankara, da kuma aka birge domin ta mai karko da kyau.