Chemical Properties na alkanes

Methane da ta homologs kira iyaka (cikakken) paraffinic hydrocarbons ko alkanes. A karshe-mai suna kwayoyin abubuwa (da janar sinadaran dabara CnH2n + 2, wanda ya nuna jikewa da kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta wadda suna da nasaba da covalent shaidu sauki carbon-hydrogen ko carbon-carbon) da ake sa daidai da International nomenclature na sinadaran mahadi. Bã su da biyu main kafofin: danyen mai da iskar gas. Properties na alkanes a wani homologue jerin tare da karuwa a kwayoyin yawan carbon atoms a kai a kai canza.

A farko hudu mambobi ne na homologue jerin sun tarihi kafa sunayen. Hydrocarbons, a bãyansu, ana denoted ta Greek numerals kawo karshen -an. A zumunta kwayoyin nauyi na kowane m hydrocarbon daban-daban daga baya daya daga 14 amu Jiki Properties na alkanes, kamar narkewa batu (solidification) da kuma tafasar (sandaro), da yawa kuma Refractive index karuwa tare da kara kwayoyin nauyi. Tare da methane butane - gas da pentane a pentadecane-ruwa, ya bi ta hanyar da daskararru. All waxes ne m fiye da ruwa da kuma ba ya narke a cikin ta. Domin alkanes sun hada da:

• CH4 - methane.
• C2H6 - ethane.
• C3H8 - propane.
• C4H10 - butane.
• C5H12 - pentane.
• C6H14 - hexane.
• C7H16 - heptane.
• C8H18 - Octane.
• C9H20 - nonane.
• C10H22 - Dean.
• C11H24 - undecane.
• C12H26 - dodecane.
• C13H28 - tridecane.
• C14H30 - tetradecane.
• C15H32 - pentadecane.
• C16H34 - hexadecane.
• C17H36 - heptadecane.
• C18H38 - octadecane.
• C19H40 - nonadecan.
• C20H42 - eicosane da sauransu.

Chemical Properties na alkanes da low aiki. Wannan shi ne saboda da zumunta ƙarfi daga cikin wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya C-C da kuma low-C-H shaidu, da jikewa na kwayoyin. Dukkanin sunadaran suna da alaka da guda σ-shaidu da suke da wuya ya hallaka saboda su low polarizability. Katsewa na su za a iya samunsa a karkashin wani yanayi, da radicals aka kafa, wanda su ne sunayen da paraffinic mahadi tare da maye ƙulli. Alal misali, propane - propyl (C3H7-), ethane - ethyl (C2H5-), methane - methyl (CH3-) da sauransu.

Chemical Properties na alkanes ce game da inertness daga wadannan mahadi. Su ba su iya Bugu da kari halayen. Hankula na wadannan ne canzawa dauki. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka (konewa) ya auku ne kawai paraffinic hydrocarbons a dagagge zafin jiki. Su za a iya oxidized zuwa alcohols, aldehydes kuma acid. A sakamakon kreginga (aiwatar thermal tsakiyan nonon na hydrocarbons) mafi girma alkanes a zazzabi na 450 zuwa 550 ° C iya samar da cikakken hydrocarbons da ƙananan kwayoyin nauyi. Tare da karuwa na thermal bazuwar zafin jiki ne ake kira pyrolysis.

Chemical Properties na alkanes dogara ba kawai a kan yawan carbon atoms a cikin DNA, amma kuma a kan tsarin. All al'ada paraffins za a iya raba (daya C zarra za a iya alaka da babu fiye da biyu carbon atoms) da iso-tsarin (C zarra za a iya haɗa hudu sauran C-kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wannan kwayoyin yana da wani sarari tsarin). Alal misali, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane da wannan kwayoyin nauyi da kuma sinadaran da dabara C5H12, amma da sinadaran da jiki Properties suka sãɓã wa jũna: narkewa batu debe 129,7 ° C da kuma debe 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C ruwan da kuma 9,5 ° C, bi da bi. Isomers sauki don shiga cikin sinadaran halayen fiye da al'ada tsarin da hydrocarbons da wannan adadin kwayoyin halitta C.

Hankula sinadaran Properties na alkanes - mai canzawa dauki, wanda sun hada da halogenation ko sulfonation. A dauki na chlorine da paraffin da wani m inji ƙarƙashin rinjayar zafi ko haske generated magni methane: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane da carbon tetrachloride CCl4. Lokacin da sulfonation alkanes karkashin UV haske, sulfonyl chlorides an samu: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-CL + HCI. Wadannan abubuwa ana amfani da surfactant samar.