Yadda za a karanta a aji na karfe

Lokacin da yake magana game da mutuntakar da mutum, amfani da epithet na "karfe", suka nufi Indomitable hali, mai karfi so ba, ko riko, wanda ba haka sauki ya lashe. Karfe ƙirƙira yin m ne kuma abin dogara sunadaran, kayan aikin da makamai. Yanzu, ba zai iya yi ba tare da wannan ƙarfe.

Mẽne ne - da karfe da kuma yadda shi ya bambanta daga baƙin ƙarfe? Babban bambancin a impurities, sarki daga cikinsu - carbon. Domin ba da musamman Properties na wannan ƙarfe a cikin gami da aka kara wa sauran gyara.

A wannan aji na karfe a kasashe daban-daban suna ta kaddamarda daban. Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin irin wannan muhimmin al'amari zuwa hada da aka yi ba tukuna.

A ko'ina cikin ƙasa na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet, tare da togiya daga cikin Baltic jihohi, amfani alphanumeric lambobin bisa ga a baya data kasance jiha nagartacce. Irin wannan definition na daraja na karfe sosai dace da m, da adadi yana nufin yawan abun ciki na impurities, da wasika - da wani sinadari.

Karfe maki bayyana, a cikin abin da akwai kawai baƙin ƙarfe da carbon, da ake kira tsarin. Su wakiltar sauki, Mataki na ashirin da 2, misali. Wannan yana nufin cewa carbon cikinta 0.2%.

Ingantaccen unalloyed karfe yana da irin wannan tsarinsa, amma da yawan carbon da aka nuna biyu dijital ãyõyi irin St.08.

Idan da karfe da aka yi amfani da don samar da tasoshin, wanda zai yi aiki a karkashin babban matsin, sa'an nan zuwa ga na musamman da bukatun. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da ingancin tsarin karfe, biyu lambar kashi, amma a kara harafin "K" (misali - St.12K).

More hadaddun metallurgical qagaggun kasu kashi kungiyoyin - instrumental, yi, lalata da sauransu. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da halaye alama, amma kowa ne wata wasika nadi na alloying abubuwa kamar nickel (H), chromium (X), jan (D), tungsten (V), manganese (T), molybdenum (M), silicon ( C), cobalt (K).

deoxidation hanya kuma nuna a cikin coding steels. Saboda haka, "m" da aka nuna ta haruffa SP, "Semi-kashe shi" - PS da kuma "tafasar" - KP.

Alloyed steels da ƙara alama ce, da wanda ya hada da duka biyu haruffa da kuma lambobi. Ya kamata a tuna cewa lokacin da kazamta abun ciki na kasa da rabin kashi na lamba da aka ba su rababbe. Saboda haka, code 10 x2 M-W zai nufin cewa karfe ƙunshi 0.1% carbon, 0.2% chromium da kasa da 1.5% molybdenum. Akwai kuma harafin "W", in ji ta na rage sinadarin phosphate ciki. Idan maimakon shi ne "A", shi zai magance sulfur. Wadannan alamomi nuna ƙarin ingancin halaye.

Tsarin karfe foundry nuna a karshen harafin "L".

Constructional bukata karfe tare da wani low yawan amfanin ƙasa, yana nuna harafin "C" a tsaye a gaban. Litera, a tsaye a baya, ya ce ƙarin Properties (T - mai zafi ƙarfafa, K - domin lalata juriya).

Tabbatar da dalilin da steels dace domin samar da kayayyakin aiki, ɗauke da harafin "Y", wanda aka sanya a bayan da biyu lambar yawan carbon, msl U8.

Akwai kuma bakin karfe. Brands, kamar 08X18H10T kama mai rikitarwa cipher, amma a gaskiya shi ne wannan manufa kamar yadda ga gami tsarin gami. Bai shafi zuwa na musamman lokuta inda haruffa aka sanya a cikin girmamawa shuke-shuke, a karon farko don smelt da karfe tare da musamman Properties.