Business, Masana'antu
Yadda za a cire man? Ina da man fetur da aka fitar? Farashin man fetur
Mai ne m combustible ruwa da ciwon launi jere daga haske launin ruwan kasa (kusan m) zuwa duhu launin ruwan kasa (kusan baki). Bisa ga yawa kasu kashi m, matsakaici da kuma tsanani.
A halin yanzu, tunanin da zamani duniya ba tare da mai yiwu. Shi ne babban tushen da man fetur domin daban-daban kai, raw kayan domin yi na daban-daban mabukaci kaya, magunguna da kuma sauran abubuwa. Da kuma yadda mai ake cirewa?
zane
Da zarar ma'adanai ake samu, wani kima na hannun jari a cikin samuwar, inganci da ci gaba a hanyar zuwa a amince cire da kuma kai ga aiki shuka. Idan kiyasta samar da man fetur da kuma iskar gas samar a cikin wannan filin ne kudin-tasiri, da shigarwa ta fara samar da kayan aiki.
Features mai
A tsari samar da man fetur za a iya raba uku, saukarwa:
- Movement of ruwa ta hanyar samuwar zuwa ga wellbore. An za'ayi da halitta, ko tsari na wucin gadi matsa lamba bambanci.
- Movement of ruwa ta hanyar da kyau - daga kasa zuwa cikin bakin.
- Tattara man fetur daga cikin gas da kuma ruwa a farfajiya na rabuwa, tsarkakewa. Kuma a sa'an nan da ruwa da aka hawa zuwa aiki shuka.
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na man fetur, wanda ya dogara a kan irin ma'adinai adibas (ƙasar, teku bene) irin tara deepness. Har ila yau, da hanyar iya bambanta a matsayin halitta tafki emptying. Ya kamata a lura da cewa marine man - wani hadadden tsari, tun da shi na bukatar a na'urar subsea shigarwa.
halitta ganima
Yadda za a cire man? A saboda wannan dalili, da matsa lamba karfi generated da halitta, ko ta wucin gadi. Operation da kyau a tafki da makamashi da ake kira marmaro. A wannan yanayin, a karkashin matsin lamba na karkashin kasa da ruwa, iskar gas, da man fetur yakan zuwa saman, ba tare da bukatar tada ƙarin kayan aiki. Duk da haka, da marmaro Hanyar ne kawai amfani da primary ma'adinai hakar, a lokacin da matsa lamba ne babba, kuma yake iya dagawa da ruwa sama. A nan gaba, da bukatar ƙarin kayan aiki da za a gaba daya wofintar da na man fetur.
Fountain ne mafi tattali Hanyar. Don daidaita man da kwarara da aka kafa musamman bawuloli, wellhead like da iko da adadin tsĩrar abu.
Primary, na biyu kuma manyan hanyoyin
A cikin halitta aiwatar samar da man fetur da aka yi amfani da wani stepwise Hanyar:
- Primary. Liquid aka kawota a karkashin babban matsin a tafki, wanda aka kafa daga ruwan karkashin kasa, gas fadada da sauransu. Tare da wannan Hanyar mai dawo da factor (CIN) ne kamar 5-15%.
- Secondary. Wannan hanya da aka yi amfani da lokacin da na halitta matsa lamba ta daina isa ya dauke da man fetur a cikin rijiya. A wannan yanayin da sakandare tsari wanda shi ne samar da makamashi wadata daga waje. Wannan hidima a matsayin allura ruwa, iskar gas ko wucewa. Dangane da tafki dutse da kuma mai halaye na sakandare mai dawo da hanyar kai 30%, da jimlar darajar - 35-45%.
- Mai zurfi. Wannan hanya ne zuwa kara da motsi na mai ƙara da fitarwa. Daya hanyar - wannan TEOR, inda saboda zafi da ruwa a tafki rage-rage danko. Don yin wannan, da aka fi amfani da tururi. Kadan amfani m konewa na man fetur a wuri, kai tsaye a cikin samuwar. Duk da haka, wannan hanya ba sosai tasiri. Don canja surface tashin hankali na musamman surfactant (ko surfactants) zai iya shiga tsakanin mai da kuma ruwa. Mai zurfi mai dawo da hanyar damar kara da kamar wata 5-15%. Wannan hanya da aka yi amfani da kawai a yayin da mai ci gaba da zama riba. Saboda haka, yin amfani da manyan Hanyar dogara a kan farashin man fetur da kuma kudin da ta kau.
Inji Hanyar: gas daga
A kwampreso kuma ana kiranta a gas daga. Wannan hanya ya shafi alura da gas a cikin wellbore, inda shi ne gauraye da man fetur. A sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin cakuda rage-rage. Bottomhole matsa lamba kuma rage-rage, ya zama m tafki. Duk wannan take kaiwa zuwa kwarara daga man fetur zuwa surface. Wani lokaci matsa gas da aka kawota daga makwabta yadudduka. Wannan shi ake kira "halitta matsa lamba gas-daga."
A tsohon filayen ne amfani da iska-daga tsarin a wadda iska da ake amfani. Duk da haka, wannan hanya na bukatar konewa gas, da wuriyar yana da wani low jure lalata lalacewa.
Gas daga gare mai amfani a Yammacin Siberia, Western Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan.
Inji Hanyar: da amfani da farashinsa
Ka yi la'akari da yadda man fetur da aka fitar da wannan hanya. A qa'ida ta aiki da wannan na'urar ne kamar haka. The saukar rami bututu a cikin abin da aka shirya da tsotsa bawul da Silinda. A karshe kafa plunger tare da matsa lamba bawul. mai motsi da za'ayi saboda da reciprocating yunkuri na plunger. By alternately bude-rufe tsotsa da kuma sallama bawuloli.
Performance sanda farashinsa ne kamar 500 cubic mita. m / rana a wata rijiya zurfin 200-400 m, kuma tare da zurfin 3200 m - 20 cu. m / rana.
kuma rodless adibas za a iya amfani da man fetur. A wannan yanayin, ta hanyar da wellbore ga kayan aiki da aka kawota wutar lantarki. Wannan ne yake aikata ta amfani na musamman na USB. Yana iya kuma za a yi amfani da wani irin makamashi-rafi (coolant, matsa gas).
A Rasha, mafi sau da yawa amfani nau'i na wani centrifugal lantarki famfo. Tare da mafi yawan man fetur da ake cirewa yin amfani da wannan kayan aiki. Lokacin amfani da lantarki farashinsa a surface ya kamata a kafa management tashar da kuma wani gidan wuta.
Production a duniya
Duniya most mai kera a yau ne kasashe irin su Saudi Arabia, Rasha, Iran, Amurka, China, Mexico, Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan. Shi ne wadannan jihohi ne babban kasuwar da "black zinariya". Ya kamata a lura da cewa mai samar a Amurka ne ba a saman matsayi, amma kasar ta sayi manyan adibas a wasu jihohin.
Manyan man fetur da kuma iskar gas kududdufai, a cikin abin da man fetur da kuma iskar gas ne a Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, ta Kudu Caspian, Western Siberia, Aljeriya sugars da sauran.
mai
Man ne a ba sabunta hanya. Kawar da aka sani adibas na 1200 biliyan ganga da ba'a gano ta ba - game da 52-260 biliyan ganga. Total arzikin man fetur, shan la'akari da amfani da zamani, da isa ga game 100 shekaru. Duk da wannan, a cikin tsare-tsaren na Rasha karuwa a "black zinariya" samarwa.
Kasashen inda man ya samar a cikin mafi girma da ƙarfi, da wadannan:
- Venezuela.
- Saudi Arabia.
- Iran.
- Iraq.
- Kuwait.
- UAE.
- Rasha.
- Libya.
- Kazakhstan.
- Najeriya.
- Canada.
- Amurka.
- Qatar.
- Sin.
- Brazil.
Mai a Rasha
Rasha ne daya daga cikin manyan kasashe a mai samar. An ba kawai amfani da ko'ina a ƙasar, babban ɓangare aka fitar dashi zuwa kasashe daban-daban. Inda a Rasha mai ake cirewa? The most adibas aka samu a yau, a Khanty-Mansi cin gashin kanta District, Yamalo-Nenets cin gashin kanta District da Tatarstan. Wadannan yankuna fiye da 60% na jimlar girma na samar da ruwa. Har ila yau, Irkutsk yankin da kuma Jamhuriyar Yakutia - inda man ake cirewa a Rasha, da nuna kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin wani karuwa a kundin. Yake da alaka da ci gaban sabon fitarwa destinations Siberia - Pacific Ocean.
farashin mai
Farashin man fetur da aka kafa daga rabo na wadata da kuma bukatar. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan harka da shi yana da nasa peculiarities. Bukatar da ya rage kusan canzawa, kuma yana da kadan sakamako a kan muhimmancin farashin. Hakika, shi ne na girma kowace shekara. Amma babban factor a farashin ne don bayar. A kananan dakushe ta sakamakon a wani karu a cikin kudin.
Tare da kara yawan motocin da irin wannan kayan aiki ga mai bukatar ƙaruwa. Amma da filin ne a hankali bushewa up. Duk wannan, a cewar masana, a ƙarshe zai kai ga man rikicin, a lokacin da bukatar nisa wuce wadata. Kuma a sa'an nan da farashin da cika fuska soar.
Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa, farashin man fetur na daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da manufofin kida a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Yau da shi ne a kusa da 107 daloli a kowace ganga.
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