Falsafar positivism: manufar, form, siffofin

Positivism a falsafa ne daya daga cikin layin da tunani. An haife shi a 30-40 shekaru. karshe karni, da kuma ta kafa yana dauke Ogyust Kont. Wannan shugabanci ne yadu rare da kowa a cikin zamani zamanin. A wadannan ne ta asali form.

Falsafar positivism

Key wakilan: Comte, Spencer, Mill da sauransu.

Kamar yadda Comte dauki kansa da shawarwari tsakanin idealists da kuma jari-hujja da ma'ana saboda ba ta da tsanani da dalili. A falsafa ake bukata, kuma da fatar on daga juna da kuma, tushen kawai a kan kimiyya (m) da ilmi ba.

Wannan sanarwa na nufin cewa:

1. Ilimi ya zama gaba daya abin dogara da kuma m.

2. Don cimma sanin falsafa ne da za a yi amfani da kimiyya Hanyar da cognition, babban hanya don samun cewa - shi ne wani empirical kallo.

3. A falsafa ne su shiga cikin bincike ne kawai zuwa ga gaskiya da kuma ba su haddasawa, kuma ku yi jihãdi ga zama sverhnaukoy, "Sarauniyar sciences," janar msar tambayar Outlook.

Bugu da kari, Comte samarwa a dokar a kan dual juyin halitta. Ya gano matakai uku na fasaha ci gaba (na gargajiya, pre-masana'antu da kuma masana'antu al'umma), wanda dace matakai uku na ilimi ci gaba (addini ko tauhidin, da tarin zahirin kuma da kimiyya ganewarsu). Duk da haka, kawai harsãshensa aka aza positivism Comte, wanda ake kara inganta, kuma ru da kuma ci gaba da bunkasa saboda wasu masana falsafa a wannan rana.

Falsafar positivism: Empiric

Key wakilan: Mach, Avenarius.

Ga babban aiki na falsafa da aka ba wa gina wani ne Mai yalwa tsarin na empirical ilmi, da kuma halittar kimiyya da ilmi da ka'idar. Ba kamar Comte, da wakilan da wannan mataki imani da cewa shi ya zama dole don magance ba wani hadade hoto na mu duniya, da kuma kafa na akida, da kuma ordering mamaki a zukatan masu bincike.

Sunan "Empiric" yakan haifar da zargi na duniya na kwarewa a matsayin ba da sanin magana a cikin nau'i na kalamai da kuma da'awoyinsu. Wannan layi na positivism aka hankali hade da conservatism, bisa ga abin da janar kimiyya ka'idojin ne samfurin na matukar yarjejeniya.

Falsafar positivism: Cigaban

Key wakilan: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

Wani sunan ga wannan mataki - ma'ana positivism. Its kafa ayyana manufarta gwagwarmaya tare da tarin zahirin ganewarsu. A lokacin da na fara Jigo ne gaskiya ilmi suka gani a cikin facts da kuma abubuwan da suka faru, ko "ji data." Wannan mas'ala ta "objectivity" da aka maye gurbinsu da manufar "kimiyya" a matsayin ainihi. Yana da wannan mataki na ci gaba da positivism qaddamar dabaru, wadda ke nazarin hadaddun kalamai, wanda zai iya zama ko dai ƙarya, ko kuma gaskiya ne, ko da ma'ana.

A batu na bincike neopositivists zama ma'anar da ãyõyinMu, kuma kalmomi a general, cewa shi ne, ilimin harshe, ma'ana, m matsaloli, wanda ya muhimmanci m da kuma kimiyya da muhimmancin a cikin halittar sarrafa kwamfuta na'urorin.

Falsafar positivism: postpositivism

Key wakilan: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

Karkashin postpositivism gane yawa Concepts cewa sun fito tun Comte ta rukunan empirio-zargi da neo. Musamman hankali ne ya biya wakilan wannan mataki na m Hanyar ilmi.

Saboda haka, bisa ga Popper, da karuwa da ilimi ba zai samu ba a aiwatar da m tattaunawa kamar yadda akai zargi da data kasance duniya. Ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa masana kimiyya yin binciken da wadannan ba daga gaskiya zuwa ka'idar, a cikin jarrabawa a wani bayani daya.

Positivism matsayin falsafa Trend ya na da wani tasiri a kan hanya na biyu zamantakewa da kuma kimiyyar yanayin halitta (musamman a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na karshe).