Welfare aiki - abin da yake da shi? Science, sana'a

A farkon karni na 21, a manyan yawan wallafe tafiyad da al'amurran da suka shafi bincike, da horo, da kuma ilimi na yara tare da iyakance damar da shafi tunanin mutum kiwon lafiya. Yana da wani abu da karatu na jindadin aiki. Mene ne wannan? Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin rassan Defectology, wadda ke nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi shiri domin rayuwar wajen tunani retarded mutane da kuma bayani al'amurran da suka shafi na kara fi.

Tarihi al'umma ta hali zuwa gigin-tsufa

A kimiyyar zamani babu wani bayani game da abin da matsayi shagaltar da mahaukaci mutane a m kabilu. Duk da haka, shi ne domin wasu a san cewa wadanda mambobi ne na jama'a da suke ba su damar shiga a samun abinci, ko kashe kansu ko aka kashe.

Ba za ka iya kiran m al'umma hali zuwa m-shiryayye, ba kawai a zamanin da, amma kuma a tsakiyar zamanai. A irin wadannan mutane da aka kyan gani, kamar yadda rasa mutum manufa da wanzuwa, saboda haka, ba, bai cancanci tausayi da taimako. Society kokarin su kare kansu daga wadanda hali ne fiye ko žasa m biyan bukatunsu.

A sauyi a dangane da gigin-tsufa ya Faransa juyin juya halin (1786-1793 gg.). Wannan taron ya zamo farkon wani sabon tarihi milestone a gaban dukan jama'a. Bugu da kari, wannan juyin juya halin da ya yi wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban da sciences a fannoni daban daban na ilimi. A 1793 ya wallafa wani jawabi na Human Rights, a cikin abin da, kamar yadda a da dama dokoki, ya ce cewa jama'a taimako matalauta mutane ya kamata a daukarsa a matsayin alfarma wajibi. A wannan yanayin, an dauke su a matsayin sadaka ko zakka, amma a matsayin wajibi na jihar.

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th, matsalar na gigin-tsufa zama musamman m. Wannan lokaci ne halin da m ci gaba da masana'antu, ta ƙara amfani da ma'aikata da wani gagarumin tabarbarewar a cikin rai yanayi. Duk wannan ya haddasa girma a cikin yawan mahaukaci yara. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin gigin-tsufa binciken da aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi al'amurran da Psycho-pedagogical da kuma na asibiti yanayi. Duk aikin da aka za'ayi don karfafa yiwuwa na ci gaba da hankali m shiryayye mutane.

Ci gaba aiki a wannan yanki da gudummawar da m flowering na kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Wannan gudummawar da fitowan a cikin marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th, biyu inda ake nufi a cikin fahimtar da jigon da kuma yanayi na gigin-tsufa. Wakilainsu sun mayar da hankali da kokarin a kan search for haddasawa da kuma na asibiti binciken da Pathology, kazalika da horo na tunani retarded yara. Saboda haka, gagarumin gudummuwa ga ci gaban jindadin aiki sanya da irin wannan psychiatrists kamar yadda B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko da sauransu.

Relationship tare da gigin-tsufa a Rus

Kula da matalauta da marasa fahimta a cikin kasar a cikin tsohon kwana shi ne na farko ya nuna wa Orthodox Church. An nuna wannan ta hukuma takardun dating baya daga 10th karni.

A zamanin d Rus 'mutane dauke hankali retarded mutane karɓaɓɓe ga Allah, kuma waɗanda ke kewaye da su wani Aura na asiri, kuma tsarki da daraja. Duk da haka, wawaye, yawo da hanyoyi na kasar, ya sa da yawa daga mugunta. Suka yi manyan yawan laifukan da sa wuta. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ya zama dole don ware su daga cikin al'umma. A farko wannan ma'aikata bude a Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Shi ne mai likita-pedagogical ma'aikata ga tunani retarded da kuma shan wahala daga seizures. An bauta wa wannan ma'aikata har 1941.

Events a kan ilimi da kuma horo na mahaukaci yara da aka za'ayi a Rasha da kuma soja hukumomin da taimako na musamman makarantu.

Correctional wanda tarihi ya dauka wani sabon nuna a cikin marigayi 19th karni, ya samu wani iko da samar da kuzari ga ta ci gaba ta hanyar aikin psychiatrists I. G. Ignatevoy da P. I. Kovalevskogo. Duk da haka, sau da yawa suka nuna wa rashin hanyar jama'a cibiyoyin ga ci gaban tunani retarded yara. Sa'an nan E. K. Gracheva, tsunduma a gudanar da bincike a fagen mahaukaci yara horo da kuma ilimi, nuna zuwa ga cutar da jama'a su yi watsi da irin wannan taimako.

Soviet mataki na jihar ta ci gaba da samar da ya bambanta bambancin cibiyar sadarwa na musamman cibiyoyin. Sun kasance bude ga ilimi na yara na low m.

Welfare aiki - kimiyya, wanda a Soviet sau aka kara raya godiya ga muhimman hakkokin aikin na IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova da kuma wasu masu bincike.

Don kwanan wata, wannan horo da aka yi karatu a Cibiyar Correctional Pedagogy na Pedagogical Sciences na Rasha Federation. Modern jindadin aiki - abin da yake da shi? Wannan shugabanci, karatu alamu da siffofin a cikin ci gaban tunani retarded yara, wanda bayyana kansu a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa. Bincike da ci gaban a cikin wannan yanki ne da za'ayi zamani masana kimiyya oligophrenopedagogs. A kan tushen da su aikin yin wasu sabawa tsarin, ba kawai na musamman, amma kuma janar ilimi.

Sadarwa tare da sauran sciences

Oligophrenopedagogics ba su iya tsira da girma ba tare da wani yawan related batutuwa, wanda ake yanaye subdivided cikin uku tubalan. Wannan likita kimiyya, m kuma pedagogical. Mene ne muhimmancin waɗannan yankunan domin jindadin aiki?

Amma ga kiwon lafiya sciences, da su taimako, masana kimiyya suka yi nazarin matsalar da tunani retarded yara, suna iya fahimta da nazarin halittu Sanadin cutar da kuma yanayin da canje-canje da suka faru a cikin haƙuri ta jiki. A wannan module za ka sami: da Physiology da Anatomy, ilimin tsarin jijiyoyi da kuma neuroscience, ilimin halin tababbu da kuma psychopathology, ilimin aikin likita na yara da kuma itatuwa aure. Wadannan tarbiyya damar masana kimiyya su fahimci siffofin cewa ya retarded da ci gaban da yaro, wanda ba ka damar ci gaba yadda ya kamata ilimi tsarin.

Tare da fiye da wani a hankali alaka jindadin aiki? mutum Psychology (general, musamman da kuma pedagogical) - a horo cewa nazarin ne ma da muhimmanci sosai ga jindadin aiki. Su ka damar gano alamu waxanda suke da samuwa ga yara da ilimi nakasa. Har ila yau, tare da su taimako-oligophrenopedagogs masana kimiyya samun manufar shafi tunanin mutum da tafiyar matakai faruwa a irin wannan marasa lafiya. Wannan damar gudanar da bincike don gaskata saka a cikin yi dabaru da kuma hanyoyin.

The ilimi na yara da ilimi nakasa yana da gagarumin taimako pedagogy. Wannan horo damar ayyana ƙayyadaddu na da akida, manufofin da abun ciki na ilmantarwa tsari na tunani retarded dalibai. A wannan pedagogy na aro wajen, hanyoyin da dabarun yin horar wannan category na dalibai. A wannan block kunshi dama kimiyyar. Daga cikin su akwai kowa, zamantakewa da kuma na musamman pedagogy kuma didactics na ilimi aiki.

A janar ra'ayi na horo

Saboda haka, da zamani jindadin aiki - abin da yake da shi? Yana da wani kimiyya, wanda tasowa ilimi rarrabuwa, wanda zai iya samar da wata damar da ba kawai da mutum, amma kuma wani bambancin tsarin kula da yara tare da low m. Bugu da kari, da horo yana nufin hanyoyin da ka'idodinta ilimi na dalibai, da abun ciki na aikin horo da kuma janar ilimi. Kamar yadda masu zaman kansu da hanyoyin da jindadin aiki a matsayin kimiyya da kuma amfani da shawarwari na horo don ƙirƙirar da kuma tsarin Tsarin kamar makarantu an yi amfani da musamman makarantun.

ka'idodi

Don duk wanda ya tambaye game da jindadin aiki - abin da yake da daraja a san cewa, wannan horo yana da tushe guda a matsayin cewa na pedagogy. Yana kuma tattauna da general hanya na darasi, da tushe na ilimi tsari, da sauransu. D. kawai da bambanci to pedagogy, wannan kimiyya filin da aka binciko aiki tare wajen tunani retarded yara bisa laákari da fasali. A daidai wannan lokaci da ka'idodinta jindadin aiki, kamar horo da kuma ilimi, ci gaba da kuma samuwar mutum, da wannan ma'anar a matsayin a general pedagogy.

asali hanyoyin

Masana kimiyya oligophrenopedagogs a cikin aikin da za'ayi:

• bincike;
• lura;
• questionnaires.
• nazarin yara yi.
• gwaje-gwajen.
• nazarin takardun na ruhi da pedagogical yanayi.

Duk wadannan hanyoyi na jindadin aiki a matsayin kimiyya. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

Lokacin gudanar da lura sanya m nazarin wani pedagogical sabon abu. A sakamakon haka, da bincike sami gaskiyane abu. Sauraron yadda ake gudanar babban mai qayyadadden dalili, na da kalubale, kazalika da abu. A lokacin da aiwatar da ladabi (records) an kiyaye.

Sau da yawa da aikin na masana kimiyya suna bisa nazari da su, daya daga cikin hanyoyin da yake hira da shi. Yana ba ka damar samun dama bayanai da kuma bayyana abin da ya ba bayyananne isasshen lokacin da yin amfani da sauran hanyoyin da jindadin aiki. Tattaunawa da aka gudanar a kan wani qaddara shirin.

Samar da wani m tarin bayanai damar masana kimiyya zuwa binciken. A lokacin taron da masu karɓa amsa a rubuce don tambayoyi.

Babu kasa m kaya masu bincike ne a kan aiwatar da nazarin kayayyakin sanya ta yara da ilimi nakasa. Wadannan kayayyakin hada da wani iri-iri crafts, zane da kuma litattafan rubutunku tare da iko na aiki da kuma ayyuka a cikin wasu tarbiyya.

Correctional wadannan Hanyar dangane da nazarin daban-daban takardun na Psycho-pedagogical yanayi. Wannan likita records da kuma na sirri fayiloli na yara, su tsarin sautinsu, sanyi mujallu, ilimi halaye, da sauransu. D. Da taimakon wannan hanya kafin su sami haƙiƙa data nuna da al'adar kungiyar na ilmantarwa tsari.

A musamman rawar da ake buga ta gwaji a cikin karatu. Yana da wani musamman shirya liyafar ta, wata hanya, ko abun ciki na aiki. Manufar wannan hanya ne domin sanin ko tasiri na koyarwa ilmantarwa tsari. A gwajin kunshi wadannan matakai:

• da msar tambayar halitta da matsalar, da definition manufofin, batu da kuma abu na gudanar da bincike, ci gaba da ayyuka da kuma hypothesizing.
• methodological aukuwa na gudanar da bincike da hanyoyin da sakamakon kara aiki da dabaru.
• dauke da fitar da gwaji a cikin nau'i na wani motsa jiki da shirin, jerin ayyuka da sauransu. sauransu.;
• hikimar tantance ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa bincike na samuwa data, da halitta na karshe, kuma jawo sama m shawarwari.

Aiki tare da tunani retarded yara

Akwai irin wannan sana'a - "jindadin aiki". An samu ta hanyar mutane wanda daga baya ya koyar da kuma ilmantar da yara da ilimi nakasa. Duk da haka, ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa sana'a tana da yawan musamman fasali. Saboda haka, aikin oligophrenopedagogs hada da ba wai kawai da zaman tare da dalibai domin assimilate su a kaya na makaranta ilmi. Wannan gwani koyar sa yara tare da basira da ake bukata domin nan gaba m rayuwa. Kawai a kan nasara kisa da wannan aiki, wani yaro da tawaya za su iya shiga cikin nasarori da kuma dabi'u na duniya.

Oligophrenopedagogics - aiki da nufin ba kawai ga yara amma kuma iyayensu, wanda ya kasance ma bukatar shawarar wani m sana'a. A albashi malaman correctional ilimi shi ne dan kadan fi da cewa daga cikin abokan aiki a cikin talakawa makaranta. Kuma yana da wani guntu aiki rana. Bugu da kari, oligophrenopedagogs aiki tare da kananan kungiyoyin na yara (8 zuwa 12 mutane).

Dalibai ayan yaba da nagartar malaminsa da son shi. Duk da haka, aiki tare da yara da low m, da ƙarfin ne ba ga kowa da kowa. Irin wannan malami dole ne kaffa. Ba tare da wannan yanayin, shi rasa duk abin nufi da aiki tare da wadanda suka bukatar musamman taimako. Bangaskiya cikin yaro da mutum alheri - Waɗannan su ne yanayi ba tare da wanda zai yi aiki ba, babu pedagogical Hanyar.

Wannan gwani kamata gani a kowane almajiri wani m musamman hali da kuma aiki da shi. Na'am, wannan aiki da ake dangantawa da gagarumin tunanin da kuma wani lokacin jiki exertion. Duk da haka, ganin cewa yaro hankali, mataki-mataki, cinma sabon nasarorin - shi ne mai farin ciki ga wani malami.

wurin aiki

Oligophrenopedagogs tsunduma tare da 'ya'yansu a kindergartens da kuma makarantu yara tare da ilimi tawaya. Jobs irin kwararru ne ma da dama gyaran fuska da kuma zamantakewa cibiyoyin. Ta bukata da sana'a, da kuma a wasu makarantun sakandare da kuma asibitoci, wanda suke bude azuzuwan yara tare da shafi tunanin mutum retardation. Sun fi mayar da oligophrenopedagogs taimaka pediatrician-neuropsychiatrist. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na hadaddun lokuta, da ganewar asali pathologies daga cikin psyche na yaro.

Siffa

Oligophrenopedagogs ba zai iya aiki ba tare da tausayi da soyayya da yara. Bugu da kari, muna bukatar irin wannan kwararrun himma da alhakin, juriya da kuma ikon ji dadin wani abu, ko da qananan nasara a mazabun unguwanni. An muhimmanci yanayin da irin wannan takamaiman sana'a ne so don samun sabon ilimi. Bayan duk, kimiyya ne kullum ci gaba da tafiya, da kuma malamin dole ne su kasance a shirye don koyi da kuma amfani da sabuwar fasahar da kuma dabarun da shawarar da ita. Don saya sabon ilmi, za ka iya daukar darussa a jindadin aiki. Wannan zai inganta data kasance da basira da kuma koyi game da sabon aukuwa da masu bincike a wannan filin.

samun ilimi

Malamai aiki tare wajen tunani retarded ya kamata yara su fahimci Physiology of su data kasance da suka faru, daidaituwa hanyoyin mallaka, kuma su iya kimanta sakamakon aikinsa. Kuma wannan na bukatar dace horo na jindadin aiki. Don yin wannan, za ka iya shiga cikin Moscow Jihar Pedagogical University. Wannan jami'a yana da defectology baiwa horar da kwararru a wannan yanki. Profile horo ne jindadin aiki.

Desire zuwa sama da sana'a da kuma kiran da Moscow City Pedagogical University. Potemkin. Correctional Ilimi a Faculty of Special Education suna dukan fata ga mahaɗi a rayukansu tare da wannan wuya sana'a. Akwai wani Metropolitan jami'a da shirya Ƙwararren ma'aikaci ne a cikin wannan filin. Wannan Moscow Jihar jin University. Sholokhov. A wannan ilimi ma'aikata yana defectology Faculty, wanda kuma yake horar da kwararru a cikin shugabanci da ake gani.

Samun oligophrenopedagogs sana'a iya zama a cikin wasu sauran mafi girma makarantu na Rasha.