Turai: tarihin. Kasashen a Turai: Jerin

Tarihin Turai ya fara ne da faduwar mulkin Roman Empire a 476 AD. A kango na wannan ƙasa mafi girma, an kafa mulkokin ƙasashe, wanda ya zama tushen asashen Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai. Tarihi na yammacin Turai ne zuwa kashi hudu, saukarwa: tsakiyar zamanai, ta zamani, da kuma na zamani da sau da zamani zamanin.

Western Turai Middle Ages

A cikin IV-V ƙarni AD. Ƙungiyoyin Jamus sun fara zama a kan iyakokin Roman Empire. Tsohon sarakuna sun janyo hankalin sababbin sababbin ma'aikata zuwa sabis, ba tare da sanin irin rawar da za su taka a cikin sakamakonsu ba. A hankali, sojojin Roman sun cika da zuriya daga kasashen waje, wadanda, a lokacin da bala'in da ya girgiza mulkin, sau da yawa ya bayyana manufofin sarakuna, kuma wani lokaci har ma ya shiga cikin kullun, yana tayar da kariya ga kansa.

Wannan lamarin ya haifar da cewa a 476 tsohon shugaban Odoakr ya kayar da dakarun Roman Roma Romulus Augustus, kuma a kan shafukan tsohon yammacin Roman Empire sababbin jihohi na Yammacin Turai suka kafa. Mafi girma kuma mafi karfi daga cikinsu shi ne mulkin Franks, wanda ya kai ga ikon mulkin mallaka Clovis. Hakan na heyday na sabon jiha ya kai tare da Sarkin Franks Carl Great, wanda a cikin 800 ya ɗauki sunan Sarkin sarakuna. Dukiyarsa sun haɗa da yankunan Italiyanci, ɓangare na Spain, ƙasashen Saxon. Rushewar mulkin bayan mutuwar Charlemagne ya ƙaddamar da ci gaban ci gaba na nahiyar.

Tarihin Turai a Tsakiyar Tsakiya yana da alamar kafawa a yawancin ƙasashe na yanayin faudal. Tsarin sarauta a farkon matakai na ci gaban ya kasance mai ƙarfi, amma saboda karfafa karfin cikewar centrifugal, jihohi sun ɓata cikin wasu kaya masu yawa. A cikin karni na 11 da 12 na ƙaruwa na ci gaba da biranen farawa, wanda ya zama tushen tushen jari-hujja.

Sabuwar lokacin

Turai, da tarihi na wanda aka halin m taki na ci gaba a cikin XV-XVII ƙarni gogaggen mai real sauyi a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa tsakanin kasashen da fari saboda farkon da Age na Discovery. Portugal, Spain, kuma bayan su Netherlands da Faransanci sun fara tseren gaske don gano da kuma cinye sabon yankuna.

A cikin yanayin tattalin arziki, a cikin lokacin da aka yi la'akari, tsawon lokacin da ake kira jari-hujja na farko ya fara, lokacin da aka kafa ka'idoji na juyin juya halin masana'antu. Babbar majalisa a cikin aikin na'ura ita ce Ingila: a cikin wannan kasar cewa saurin ci gaba na babban masana'antu ya fara a karni na 17. Turai, wanda tarihinsa har zuwa yanzu bai san wani abu ba na irin wannan, ya samu cigaba da bunkasa masana'antu da yawa saboda sakamakon Ingilishi.

The Epoch na Bourgeois Revolutions

Sabuwar tarihin Turai a mataki na gaba ya fi mayar da hankali ta hanyar maye gurbin mu'amala tare da yanayin tsarin jari-hujja. Sakamakon wannan gwagwarmaya shi ne dukan jerin rudani na bourgeois, wadda Turai ta samu a karni na 17 zuwa 18th. Tarihin wadannan raunin hankali yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen masu rinjaye a manyan jihohi na nahiyar - Ingila da Faransa. An kafa kundin ikon mulki na sarauta tare da karfi mai karfi daga yankin na uku - bourgeoisie birane, wanda ya bukaci tattalin arziki da siyasa.

Wadannan ra'ayoyin da kuma burin na sababbin bangarori sun kasance a cikin sabuwar al'amuran al'adu - fadakarwa, wadanda wakilan su suka ci gaba da ba da ra'ayi na juyin juya hali game da hakkin dangi ga mutane, 'yancin ɗan adam, da dai sauransu. Bayanan ka'idar ka'idar da kuma ra'ayi ya zama tushe na akidar tauhidi na bourgeois. Na farko irin wannan juyin juya hali ya faru a Netherlands a karni na 16, sa'an nan kuma a Ingila a karni na 17. Babbar juyin juya halin juyin juya halin Musulunci na karni na XVIII ya nuna sabon mataki a cikin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da siyasa na Yammacin Turai, tun da yake a cikin wannan tafarki ne aka dakatar da tsarin doka kuma an kafa gwamnatin.

Kasashen yammacin Turai a cikin karni na XIX

Ganin muhimmancin yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon ya sa ya yiwu ya bayyana ma'anar yanayin da tarihin ya faru a cikin karni na la'akari. Kasashe na Turai sun canza halin su gaba daya bayan majalisa na Vienna na 1815, wanda ya bayyana sabon yankuna da yankunan yammacin Turai.

A kan iyaka, an yi shelar ka'ida ta addini, yana nuna cewa akwai bukatar yin mulkin mallaka na adalci. Bugu da} ari, nasarar da juyin juya halin da Napoleon ya yi, bai wuce ba tare da wata alama ga jihohi na Turai. Harkokin jari-hujja, samar da manyan masana'antu da masana'antu masu nauyi, sun kawo sabon fagen zuwa fagen fama - bourgeoisie, wanda daga yanzu ya fara sanin ba kawai tattalin arziki ba, har ma da ci gaban siyasa na kasashe. Turai, da tarihi na wanda aka ƙaddara da canji na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin, hau kan wani sabon hanyar ci gaba, wanda aka gyarawa juyin a Faransa, sake fasalin na Bismarck a Jamus, da daidaituwa na Italiya.

Shekaru XX a tarihin Yammacin Turai

Sabon karni na alama ne akan yakin duniya guda biyu, wanda hakan ya haifar da sauyawa a taswirar ƙasar. Bayan karshen yakin farko a shekarar 1918, mafi girma daga cikin sarakuna sun rushe, kuma an kafa sababbin jihohi a wurin su. Sojoji-siyasa sun fara daukar nauyin, wanda daga bisani ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin duniya na biyu, manyan abubuwan da suka faru a gaban Soviet-Jamus.

Bayan da ya ƙare, Yammacin Turai ya zama rushewa don sansanin 'yan jari-hujja wanda ya saba wa Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai aka halitta irin manyan siyasa abokai kamar NATO da kasashen yammacin tarayyar Turai a adawa ga cikin Warsaw yarjejeniya.

Kasashen Turai na Yammacin zamaninmu

Domin kasashe na yammacin Turai a karɓa wa kasashe 11: Belgium, Austria, Great Britain, Jamus, Ireland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland, Faransa. Duk da haka, saboda dalilai na siyasa, Finland, Denmark, Italiya, Spain, Portugal, Girka suna cikin wannan jerin.

A cikin karni na 21, yanayin da ake ciki ga haɗin siyasa da tattalin arziki ya ci gaba a kasar. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai, yankin yankin Schengen yana taimakawa wajen haɗawa da jihohi a wasu fannoni. Bugu da} ari, a zamaninmu, akwai tsammanin ra'ayoyi da dama na yawancin jihohi da suke so su bi manufar zaman kanta, koda kuwa yanke shawara na Tarayyar Turai. Halin da ke faruwa a baya ya nuna yawan ƙananan sababbin rikice-rikicen da ke cikin yankin Turai, wanda ƙwayoyin tafiyar hijirar sun kara tsanantawa, waɗanda suka ƙara ƙaruwa a cikin kwanan nan.