Tungsten valence. Properties da kuma aikace-aikace na tungsten

More articles zai ba da damar don matsahi na saba da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na tungsten, ga cikakken bayani da ya tsaya a cikin yanayi, da wurin samar, da bude daga cikin labarin, da kuma more.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - shi ne wani kashi daga cikin lokaci-lokaci Table of Mendeleev yana da saba'in hudu atomic yawan yayi dace da Latin hali W. A cikin saba yanayi yana da wani launin toka-azurfa launi, m, da wuya. Daga cikin dukkan karfe tungsten ne mafi tsaurin. Fi da cewa W, da narkewa batu na kawai maras karfe - carbon. Yana yana da babban sunadarai juriya. Valence na tungsten - m.

Tarihi na samu

Yaren mutanen Sweden sunadarai Carl Wilhelm Scheele a 1781, tsunduma a cikin aiki da scheelite nitric acid, zai iya samar da tungsten trioxide - "nauyi dutse" rawaya. Bayan shekaru biyu, riga a 1783-m, 'yan'uwa biyu Eluard, chemists asali daga Spain, da jama'a da aka sanar da cewa su iya samun daga wolframite sabon karfe da kuma oxide - tungsten.

Modern United States, Faransa da Birtaniya sun yi amfani da sunan tungsten for tungsten, wanda fassara daga Swedish matsayin "nauyi dutse". Asali, kalmar nufi wolframium ma'adinai wolframite. Daga baya ta wuce zuwa karfe kanta.

Tungsten a cikin yanayi

Kamar yadda lissafin Vinogradova, Clarke da lambar tungsten duniya ta ɓawon burodi ne game da 1.3 g / t. A talakawan abun ciki na kankara dutsen jeri, r / t: acidic kankara - 1.9, talakawan - 1.2, da asali - 0.7 ultrabasic - 0.1.

The most reserves wannan karfe an mayar da hankali a kasar Sin, da Amurka, Canada da kuma Kazakhstan, kasashe irin su Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Rasha da kuma Koriya ta Kudu da kananan a kwatanta da waccan mujalla da muka States hannun jari. A cikin shekara samar game 49-50 ton miliyan, wanda 41 samar da China, Rasha ta rabo yayi dace da 3.5 ton, Kazakhstan - 0.7, da kuma Australia - 0.5 tons.

A masana'antu, da babban rawa da aka bai wa wolframite, kuma scheelite. Ma'adanai wolframite sau da yawa mayar da hankali a granitic kankara da su talakawan taro yayi dace da daya ko biyu da cent. Mai samar da kasashen aikawa tungsten. . Farashin wannan ƙarfe shi ne wajen high da kuma za su iya bambanta dangane da iri da kuma irin wanda shi ne ke sayar (daga 2172 zuwa 6250560 goga.). Babban exporters na tungsten dauke UK, China da kuma Australia. Shigo cikin manyan yawa United States, Jamus, Ingila da kuma Japan.

Hanyar ga shirye-shiryen

Shiri na tungsten - wani tsari kunsha da dama kari matakai. Da farko ya zama ruwan dare trioxide WO ₃ daga tama fi mai da hankali tare da dawo da tsarin bayan faruwa zuwa karfe foda da hydrogen karkashin yanayi na game da 700 ° C. Saboda da musamman high narkewa batu hanya mafi kyau don samun wannan karfe ne wajen foda metallurgy. A mataki na farko da tungsten foda an matse, sa'an nan sanya a cikin wani hydrogen yanayi da kuma sintered karkashin yanayi na game 1200-1300 ° C. Bugu da ari hõre lantarki da kuma dumama zafin jiki ne distilled zuwa dubu uku da digiri, wannan tsari yana tafiya ne tare da sintering, kuma da karfe jũya a cikin wani monolith. M shiri na tungsten, kuma ta tsarkakewa daga cikin sakamakon monolithic kayan faruwa a cikin yanayi na zone narkewa. Duk da haka, tungsten foda - wannan ba kawai nau'i na shirye-shiryen da karfe. A cikin shirye-shiryen da W daga pyrolysis na chlorides shi za a iya samu riga a ƙarfe tsari, amma ba a wani m da foda.

Chemical ingancin halaye

Tungsten ne valence na m hali, daga biyu zuwa shida. A mafi barga form daukan at shida valency. Di- da trivalent siffofin da mahadi m, kuma suna da wani muhimmanci na musamman, a yi ba amfani. Tungsten ne sosai resistant zuwa lalata da karafa. Dakin da zazzabi damar da shi don kula da akai matsayi ba tare da kasancewa batun lalata. kai incandescence zafin jiki fara oxidize, kafa tungsten oxide (VI). Shi ne na biyu a cikin jerin danniya da kuma kudin bayan hydrogen. Kusan insoluble a hydrofluoric kuma tsarma sulfuric acid. Nitric acid da Ruwa regia hanyar surface hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari. Rushe yiwu hydrogen peroxide.

A cakuda hydrofluoric da nitric acid dissolves da tungsten:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (gas juyin halitta) + 7H ₂ O.

A gaban oxidants za a iya mayar da martani tare da wani zubi Alkali:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ à 2Na ₂ WO ₄ + 2h ₂ O.

A misalai sama halayen ci gaba sosai a hankali, amma a kai matakin na 400 ° C da tungsten kai-da dumama da dauki tsari ne kara, a lokaci guda kafa manyan adadin zafi. Halayen shafe oxygen bukatar kai maki 500 ° C, to karfe kadai ya fara zafi sama.

Narke a cakuda hydrofluoric da nitric acid take kaiwa ga samuwar geksaftorvolframovoy acid - H ₂ [WF _6]. Na dukan da aka sani tungsten mahadi suna dauke mafi muhimmanci anhydride tungsten trioxide ko tungsten, tungstate, a peroxy fili da Ni ₂ wo _X, wani abu samu daga S, C, da kuma halogen kungiyar abubuwa.

A Properties na wani jiki yanayi

Tungsten ne mai haske launin toka m karfe. Tungsten zafin jiki a lokacin narkewa da kuma tafasar kai da mafi elevations Celsius idan aka kwatanta da sauran karafa. Akwai jita-jitar cewa seaborgium yana ma fi girma yi narkewa da kuma tafasar maki, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa ya "rayuwarsu" shi ne kadan, ba shi yiwuwa a ce yaƙĩni, tun da shi ba a tabbatar da gwaji. Tungsten farawa ya narke a 3695 K, yayin da ruwan, kai 5828 K. W Net yawa ne kusa da zinariya - 19,25 grams da cubic santimita. Ya halin paramagnetic halaye. A daidai da ji sigogi Brinell taurin ne 488 kg / mm ^2. A ashirin digiri Celsius yana da wani resistivity na 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, amma a yanayi na zafin jiki na 2700 ° C resistivity index qara har zuwa 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. A nuna sauti daga tungsten motsa a gudun 4290 m / c.

Daya daga cikin nauyi karafa da high taurin da kuma narkewa batu na babbar dauke tungsten. A Properties cewa ne muhimmi a cikin shi, ƙayyade da darajar a kasuwannin duniya, kuma ba dama fadi da yin amfani. Da ikon yin tsayayya tsananin yanayi damar manyan sikelin amfani tungsten. Waya, da zanen gado da kuma masu yawa fiye da ba ka damar haifar da sunadaran da cewa bauta wa, shekaru da dama. Externally kama da platinum. A m jihar a lokacin da mai tsanani zuwa 1600 ° C iya da kyau a ƙirƙira.

A amfani da m karfe

Ainihin hanyar yin amfani da tungsten - kafuwar matsayin mai tsaurin abu a cikin metallurgical masana'antu.

Roba da kuma tsaurin Properties - wannan shi ne abin da aka sani na tungsten. Waya wannan karfe ne ba makawa a na'urorin yi nufi ga lighting. Hoto shambura da sauran shambura tare da wani injin kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina W.

Argon baka waldi ba zai iya yi ba tare da wayoyin da aka yi da tungsten. Injin juriya makera kuma amfani da shi a matsayin wani dumama rabi, kuma wannan karfe gami da ake amfani da matsayin rhenium thermocouple.

A high yawa damar yin amfani da shi a matsayin dalilin nauyi irin gami amfani da wani counterweight ga makamai sokin core sabot da kuma dako sagittal manyan bindigogi bawo, core for makamai sokin harsasai da kuma ko da gyro tabbatar da dorewar tashi ballistic harsashi.

Tungsten iya zama mai kyau wajen ionizing irin radiation. Ko da yake shi yana da mafi girma yawa, kuma, musamman a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada gubar, da nauyi na wani daidaita matakin bayar da kariya tufafi ko kayan aiki dake tare da yin amfani da sauki. Infusibility dũkiyarsu da kuma taurin wahalad da aiki, sabili da haka a irin haka sau da yawa ne gami da tungsten, da nickel, kazalika da baƙin ƙarfe, jan da sauran karafa.

A cikin masana'antu don ƙirƙirar da dama daskararrun kayayyakin amfani tungsten. Takardar, tungsten foda, da kuma sanda-wayoyin - daya daga cikin na kowa siffofin fitarwa na W.

Amfani da mahadi

Machining na daban-daban karafa, kazalika da kayayyakin da yin sama da ba na ƙarfe ba hali na aikin injiniya da constructions, hakowa da kuma hakar ma'adinai aiwatar yin amfani da karfi gami da kumshin irin kayan dangane da tungsten carbide, a cakuda titanium carbide, Tantalite carbide da tungsten carbide. Kan sarki tungsten sanya daga wadannan kayan kasu kashi T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, kuma VK6 VK4. Kan sarki TT kungiyar kawai amfani da wuya sosai machining yanayi a ƙara wuya. A Firayim misali iya zama a matsayin buga-aiwatar Rotary hakowa perforator ko m abu Manufacturing ƙirƙirãwa karfe tare da high zafi juriya. W ana amfani da matsayin alloying kashi na karfe da kuma gami dangane da baƙin ƙarfe. "High gudun" karfe lettered lakabin farko tare da P, fiye da 90% na rabo qunshi tungsten.

Wani lokaci daban-daban tungsten mahadi aka yi amfani a matsayin catalysts ko pigments, high-zazzabi man shafawa na gwamnatin rikon kwarya a cikin zãfi makamashi a cikin wutar lantarki form.

Tungsten da kuma ilmin halitta

Tungsten karfe ba a dauke muhimmanci a cikin ilmin halitta, amma wasu kwayoyin cuta da kuma archaea matsayin wani ɓangare na su enzymes da wannan bangaren, wanda shi ne a cikin aiki site. Aƙalla zurfin kafofin hydrothermal irin archaebacteria live-hyperthermophiles, suna dauke da dogara a kan obligately tungsten. A gaban wannan ƙarfe a cikin enzyme abun da ke ciki ne a matsayin wani relic na farkon Archean lokaci, a cikin wasu kalmomi, shi iya iya ɗauka cewa farkon bayyanar rayuwa a duniya ya faru tare da sa hannu na W.

Kamar yadda m ɓangare na sauran karafa, tungsten ƙura sa hangula na numfashi gabobin.

siffofin isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten halitta asalin qunshi cakuda biyar daban-daban siffofin isotopes, wato: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 wt.%), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) da kuma ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency tungsten m, kuma ko da yaushe yayi dace da yawan 2 zuwa 6, a cikin wani nau'i na isotope.

By 2016 shi aka riga aka sani da talatin da shida mutum da aka yi wucin gadi siffofin tungsten gano radionuclides da taro lambobi 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Open tungsten da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa radioactivity ya a 2003, amma da kudi ne musamman low, wanda yayi dace kamar biyu disintegrations gram a kowace shekara, da kuma yanayin da wannan lalata shi ne karfe α-aiki.

a ƙarshe

Mafi yawa daga cikin data kasance mai tsaurin karfe ne tungsten. Kadarorin muhimmi, da damar mu sami wani wuri, a fadi da kewayon masana'antu ayyukan mutane, daga aikin injiniya da kuma kawo karshen tare da kariya daga radiation. Metal aka bude wajen sau biyu, shekaru biyu baya, amma ba Scheele kuma 'yan'uwa Eluard ba sosai da'awar abin yabo a cikin girmamawa ya samu. A valence na tungsten ne m da kuma daukan wani darajar biyu zuwa shida, amma kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, cikin barga tsari yana da shida valence. Yana da matukar resistant zuwa lalata, za a iya amsa tare da Alkali da kuma narkar da a cakuda hydrofluoric da nitric acid.

Kan sarki tungsten kasu kashi wata babbar lamba na jinsunan bisa ga Hanyar kisa, da tsari a cikin abin da ƙarfe, da kuma ta fannin aikace-aikace. Akwai da yawa siffofin ta isotope, da kuma kashi a yanayi ne da talauci alama rediyoaktif Properties kuma sannu a hankali sosai disintegrates. Dalili a jam'i na sassa da kayayyakin gyara, da fadi da kewayon na'urorin da kuma kayan aiki amfani da mutum, shi ne tungsten. Ko farashin da kilogram karfe ne quite high, amma duk da haka ba rage bukatar shi, saboda ta ingancin dace da darajar da cewa ya roƙa.