Tungsten, Molybdenum: Alloy aikace-aikace

Halitta ma'adinai tsarin dake dauke da tungsten a cikin daban-daban mahadi da kuma masana'antu yawa a lokacin da hakar ne a zahiri zai yiwu da kuma tattalin arziki m, - tungsten, molybdenum ores, kazalika da beryllium, tin, jan, bismuth, lokaci-lokaci Mercury, antimony, da azurfa, da zinariya, arsenic, Tantalite, sulfur, scandium, niobium - duniya irin rare duniya karafa, kamar yadda sunan kungiyar ba arziki. Wucewa tama tungsten bangaren - Molybdenum, kamar mafi yawan mutane, yana cirewa a beneficiation da fassara a cikin zabe ko na gama fi mai da hankali.

Ta yaya tungsten

Yaren mutanen Sweden sunadarai Carl Scheele, harhaɗa magunguna da horo, ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a nasu dakin gwaje-gwaje. Akwai ya gano adam manganese, barium, chlorine, ko da oxygen. A tsawon rayuwar da ya yi kome da cewa sanya gano wanda ya sa aka shigar da shi Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Ko jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa a 1781, ya tsaya abin da yake so ba tsunduma, ta haka ne yin mana wani kyauta mai ban sha'awa.

Samar da kwarewa, Carl Scheele gano cewa tungsten (ma'adinai, daga baya mai suna a cikin girmamawa scheelite) - da gishiri wasu har yanzu ba a sani ba acid. Ya mai girma samu, amma kawai bayan shekaru biyu chemists daga Spain da kuma almajiransa aka ware daga wannan ma'adinai sabon kashi cewa canza duk postulates a cikin masana'antar. Duk da haka, wannan juyin juya halin ya faru ba sau daya, cikin karni na ƙarshe, kafin ya bayyana abin da kebantattun Properties yana da tungsten.

division

Dangane da filin duk tungsten ores ya kasu kashi biyu iri: exogenous da kuma na ciki. Daga cikin karshen ne skarn, pegmatite, Stringer-jannayẽnsa (hydrothermal) greyzerovye kayyade iri ores, wanda ake hada uku main tama tsarin. Wannan tungsten - tin, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Wani lokaci, tungsten da aka samu a pegmatites, daga abin da aka cirewa da kuma scheelite a hanya, manyan samar da lu'ulu'u, cassiterite, Tantalite niobate ko spodumene. Pegmatitnye filin - kafofin na alluvial - ɓullo da mafi a cikin ta Kudu East Asia da kuma nahiyar Afrika.

stock

Tungsten, molybdenum a tama da aka hankali hade da dutse intrusions, su apical sassa, inda akwai prikrovlevye adibas, sau da yawa tare da tama stockworks biyu intra- da nadintruzivnymi.

Sun samar da su plascheobraznye adibas, Yanar gizo da kuma m idan kagaggun alfarwa kwanciya. Da alama sosai, kuma tama gawarwakin columnar irin da Stockworks sababbu siffar. Deposit reserves inda akwai molybdenum, tungsten, da kuma sauran rare duniya ma'adanai, kusan ba da manyan reserves. A tama kiyasta kawai a cikin dubun, yana da wuya a cikin daruruwan dubban tons.

hakar

Molybdenum, tungsten da sauran hydrothermal tama zones ne exo- da dutse endocontact iri-iri wadda nau'i biyu mafi tsawo fairly zurfin - har zuwa wani kilometer - da dukan jerin rayu m drop ne muhimmanci kasa talakawan drop wayoyi. Kuma samu Stockworks. A tama jikuna an kafa daga ma'adini-wolframite, cassiterite, wolframite-ma'adini inclusions, sau da yawa tare da molybdenum, beryllium da bismuthinite, cike da koyaswa ma'adini-molybdenite-scheelite da ma'adini-scheelite ores.

Yawanci a irin wannan ores dauke da tungsten, molybdenum, rare duniya karfe wasu a kananan yawa: daga tungsten-rabi zuwa daya da rabi cikin dari, mafi - kasa. Kuma wannan duk da tama reserves dubu da dama ko dubban ton, wanda shi ne ma sosai, sosai kadan. Mining ne yawanci za'ayi a karkashin kasa ko bude rami hanyoyin.

samar da hanyoyin

Tungsten adibas unsa hakar hanyoyin ko rushewar yadudduka ko a kwance yadudduka shrinkage tama a cikin sharar tubalan. Har ila yau, amfani Hanyar stowing cewa da kyau a ci gaba na live, skarn adibas ko greisen.

Open Hanyar presupposes shtorkverkov, skarn adibas ko greisen ko placers. A cikin rami, wanda ya fitar tungsten tama, molybdenum, yawanci aiki kai tsarin da waje zuba. A cikin wadannan lokuta, samarwa ne kusan gaba daya mechanized - casa'in da biyar bisa dari. Amma da aikin ba ya kawo karshen nan. Ore enrichment bukatar, tun kawai a kalla daya da rabi da cent suka dauke rare duniya karafa - tungsten, molybdenum.

ajiya

A cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet mafi muhimmanci adibas na tungsten tama bincika a Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia da kuma Far East, Caucasus da kuma Asiya ta tsakiya. Ba dukkan su suna ci gaba. Kasashen waje aiki da tungsten, da molybdenum ne da za'ayi musamman yawa a Koriya ta Kudu da kuma China. Akwai mafi muhimmanci adibas a duniya. Bugu da kari, tungsten aka mined a Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, da United States, Faransa, Austria da kuma Turkey.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa ta Kudu-East Asia da kuma ta Pacific tama bel ne fiye da sittin cikin dari na tungsten reserves a duniya. Duk a duk, da bincika adibas total reserves na tungsten duniya da yawa kasa daya da rabi ton miliyan. Ga misali, da zinariya aka samar a kowace shekara (ba a hannun jari, wato saita a tashin), game da 4.278.200 tons.

Properties

Kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi tsaurin karafa, tungsten zama kusan ba makawa a duk yankunan da ake dangantawa da high yanayin zafi. Kamar yadda sinadari Wolframium (W) adana a karo na hudu kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Its atomic nauyin 183,85, da kuma yawan 74. Yana mai suna saboda ta haske launin toka launi - da Jamus da kuma Wolf Rahm fassara a matsayin "kerkẽci" da "cream", idan a zahiri - "kerkẽci kumfa". Duk da bijirewarsu, barga a al'ada yanayin zafi. Samar da ma'adanai tungsten - wolframite, scheelite kuma.

Tungsten - daya daga cikin babban aka gyara daga zafi-resistant karfe na Superhard - high gudun da kuma kayan aiki, kazalika da gami da wannan Properties - stellite, wins da sauransu. Amma m tungsten, mun gani a kowace rana, domin shi ne amfani da ko'ina a lantarki da aikin injiniya. Alal misali, a cikin filament fitilu da tungsten filament. Har ila yau, ya ba makawa a Electronics. Na'urorin lantarki da cathode da wani anode na karfe.

iri gami

Processing na tungsten da molybdenum hadaddun, amma sosai m. Industry sani 'yan brands, wasu daga waxanda suke more kowa da žasa. Tungsten ne mai tsabta, tare da Additives da kuma gami da sauran karafa. Saboda haka, daban-daban da hatimi BP - tungsten da rhenium gami. VL - tare da lanthanum oxide matsayin dopant. VI - tare da yttria. VT - kamar yadda wani ƙari thorium oxide. VM - silica da doped da thorium. VA - tare da aluminum da silica Additives. RF - m tungsten.

Tungsten ne dalilin carbide da tungsten gami da molybdenum - superalloy, kamar wasu wasu. Har ila yau, tare da sa hannu an shirya lalacewa-resistant da kayan aiki karfe. Daga cikin wadannan gami yi mai yawa engine sassa - zirgar jiragen sama, da kuma sarari, a wasu na'urorin lantarki - sassa daban daban da filament. Tun da yawa na karfe ne sosai high, shi da ake amfani da counterweights, domin harsasai da kuma manyan bindigogi bawo, domin ballistic makamai masu linzami (karfafawa tace, tungsten tsayayya da ɗaya da ɗari da tamanin da dubu juyin minti daya) ga high-gudun rotors ma an yi amfani da karafa kamar tungsten da molybdenum. Amfani da su, kamar yadda muka gani, mai yadu, kuma daya iya ma ce mai ladabi.

Fields na aikace-aikace

Ba tare da wadannan rare duniya karafa, abin da suke chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, a yau, ba zai iya aikata wani magani ko nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. The guda lu'ulu'u na tungstates ne scintillation gane, X-ray, kazalika da sauran ionizing radiations. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ da ake amfani da mayar thermal makamashi a cikin na'urar samar da makamashi. Ko argon-baka waldi amfani da tungsten matsayin lantarki.

Musamman yadu amfani tungsten fili. Hadedde kayan da kuma m gami da ciwon Dalili na tungsten carbide, na da muhimmanci ga machining na biyu karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba Tsarin. Wannan ne da muhimmanci musamman a cikin na'ura: milling, juya, chiselling, planing. Kada yi yanzu ba tare da carbide a lokacin hakowa da kuma karafa, da kuma ga cewa muna bukatar tungsten, molybdenum - samar Mastering duk da sabon fasaha da su.

Samfurin iri rare-duniya karafa

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - high zazzabi maiko withstanding har zuwa biyar da ɗari digiri centigrade. Ina da m electrolyte aka sanya (high-yawan zafin jiki da man fetur Kwayoyin) da ake amfani da tungsten trioxide. Yadi, Paint masana'antu sun ƙwarai inganta da kuma rikitarwa fasahar, ta yin amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari tungsten fili da kuma pigment da wani kwayoyin syntheses.

Industry samar wani babban adadin daban-daban kayayyakin, wanda dauke da tungsten, molybdenum da sauran rare duniya karafa. Mafi na kowa - yana da wayoyin, waya, tungsten foda, da kuma sheet rod-. Wayoyin taba narke sabili da haka za a iya amfani da waldi high gami steels, ba-karafa ferrous da kuma kayan da daban sinadaran qagaggun. Babu wani daga cikin lantarki ba ya samar da irin wannan babban Weld ƙarfi.

molybdenum

Molybdenum gami, kuma ya shafi tsaurin kayan. A ta da tsarki nau'i shi da ake amfani a cikin nau'i na waya ko tef heaters - Tanderu, ko da aiki a hydrogen a zazzabi 1600 ° C. Tin da molybdenum waya da ake bukata a cikin lantarki masana'antu, suna amfani da X-ray da fasaha na molybdenum samar da dama sassa na X-ray shambura, electron shambura, injin shambura.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, molybdenum, kuma tungsten matsayin sosai yadu amfani don inganta steels. Ƙari Mo qara ƙarfi, hardenability, lalata juriya, tauri. Saboda haka, tungsten da molybdenum ana amfani da su haifar da mafi m sassa da kuma mafi muhimmanci bayani. Domin irin wannan taurin a cikin gami Stellite gabatar - Chrome da kuma cobalt, to zoba gefen sassa aiki lalacewa. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - wannan gami shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ya shafe. Har ila yau, ya bai wa daya daga cikin wurare na farko a cikin wani yawan acid da zafi-resistant gami.

sarari

A gami da tungsten, da molybdenum a cikin abun da ke ciki na plating shugaban wani linzami da jiragen sama. By ƙarfi tungsten farko, na biyu - molybdenum. Duk da haka, musamman ƙarfi a yanayin zafi na game da goma sha biyar da ɗari digiri Celsius jimloli gami da molybdenum da fari. Idan zafin jiki ne ma mafi girma - da tungsten da Tantalite ne iya karawa. Molybdenum zuma panel kumbon sama jannati sanya na jirgin sama kwantena bawo da makamai masu linzami da ake mayar da su zuwa Duniya, zafi exchangers, zafi da garkuwoyi, da datsa da gefuna fuka-fuki, cakosoban.

Inda yanayin aiki ya yi nauyi, taimaka rare duniya karafa. Daga irin wannan abu zai iya sa ran high hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya da kuma iskar gas yashewa, high ƙarfi, kuma ikon rike da harbi. Mutane da yawa bayani jet da kuma roka injuna, trailing skirts, inji mai farfela ruwan wukake, bude yatsun nozzles, iko saman, roka nozzles, da dai sauransu - duk wadannan takardun wuya mu jimre wa molybdenum.

a Duniya

Mai yiwuwa kayan for kayan aiki da cewa aiki a cikin matsakaici da phosphoric, sulfuric da hydrochloric acid, an sanya na molybdenum da ta gami. Yana resists ko a cikin zubi gilashi, sabili da haka gilashin masana'antu sa m amfani da molybdenum kamar wayoyin ga narkewa.

Daga ta gami kerarre sandunansu, kyawon tsayuwa ga babban matsin da simintin na jan karfe, tutiya da aluminum gami. Tun molybdenum karfe wulakanta karkashin matsin - ragon, ya mutu, mandrel sokin Mills. Kansu zama molybdenum ma da yawa inganta.