Tsautsayi shekara: jerin kalanda. Yaushe ne gaba tsalle shekara?

All rayuwa a duniya ne m da kusanci zuwa ga rãnã da motsi na taurari a kusa da shi da kuma kewaye da kansa axis. Shekara - wannan lokaci domin wanda duniya tamu tashi a kusa da rãnã da dare - lokaci ga wani cikakken juyin juya halin kusa ta axis. Mutane, ba shakka, sosai sauki shirya ka kasuwanci for makonni, kirgawa wani yawan kwanaki a cikin wata daya ko a shekara.

Nature - ba wani inji

Amma dai itace cewa ga wani cikakken juyin juya halin a kusa da rãnã da Earth rotates kusa ta axis ne ba da cikakken adadin lokaci. Watau, da bai cika yawan kwanaki. Kowa ya sani cewa wannan shi ne 365 sau, kuma wannan yayi dace da adadin kwanaki a shekara. A gaskiya - kadan fiye da 365, 25, da cewa shi ne, domin shekara accumulates karin 6 hours, ya zama daidai, da karin 5 hours 48 minutes da kuma 14 seconds.

Hakika, idan ba lokaci aka dauka a cikin account, sa'an nan da nan kowane lokaci za su ci gaba da rana, a cikin wadanda watanni, da kuma bayan 'yan shekara ɗari, bambanci tsakanin al'ada da astronomical kalandar zai kasance a cikin' yan watanni. Domin zaman rayuwa shi ne kaucewa unacceptable: matsawa duk holidays, anniversaries.

Similar matsaloli da aka samu dogon lokaci da suka wuce, a lokacin da Roman sarakuna, ko kuma wajen, a lokacin da daya daga cikin mafi girma da su - Gayus Yulii Tsezare.

Kaisar dashi

A sarakuna ake bautawa a zamanin d Roma a kan wani par tare da gumaka, da Unlimited ikon, don haka su ne kawai daya daga al'amarin canza da kalanda da kuma kome da kome.

A zamanin d Roma, da dukan shekara ta dogara ne a kan Kalends bikin, da kuma wadanda ba id (sunan watan). A wannan makon watan na shekara da aka dauke a cikin watan Fabrairu. Saboda haka, a wani tsalle shekara shi ne 366 kwanaki, tare da wani ƙarin rana yana cikin watan da ya gabata.

Bayan duk, shi ne quite ma'ana don ƙara wani yini a cikin watan da ya gabata na shekara, a watan Fabrairu. Kuma, sha'awa, shi ya ba kara zuwa rana ta ƙarshe, kamar yadda yake a yanzu, da kuma karin rana kafin Kalends na watan Maris. Saboda haka, a watan Fabrairu, ya zama biyu na ashirin da huɗu. Tsautsayi shekaru, aka sa a cikin shekaru uku, kuma na farko da na su faru a rayuwa Gaya Yuliya Kaisar. Bayan mutuwarsa, da tsarin rasa ta bit, saboda firistoci yi kuskure a cikin lissafin, amma a ƙarshe a daidai kalanda don tsalle shekaru warke.

Yanzu tsalle shekaru suna dauke da wani bit more wuya. Kuma wannan an haɗa tare da wadanda 'yan karin minti, wanda ake samu ta hanyar gabatar da wani cikakken karin rana kowane shekaru hudu.

A sabon kalandar

A Gregorian kalanda, a cikin abin da rãyukansu high jama'a a wannan lokacin, aka gabatar da Paparoma Gregory a cikin marigayi 16th karni. Dalilin da cewa wani sabon kalanda da aka gabatar, shi ne cewa tsohon lokaci ya m. Ƙara wani yini kowane shekaru hudu, gwamnan Romawa ba su yi la'akari da cewa a matsayin na aikin kalandar zai outperform na al'ada minti 11 da kuma 46 seconds, kowane shekaru hudu.

A lokacin gabatarwar sabon kalanda, da Julian inaccuracy ya kwanaki 10, tare da nassi na lokaci shi ya karu da shi ne a yanzu a 14 days. Bambanci qara kowane karni game da wani rana. Shi ne musamman m, a cikin yini na rani da kuma hunturu solstice. Kuma kamar yadda na wadannan kwanakin an kidaya wasu holidays, lura da bambanci.

Calendar na tsalle shekaru a cikin Gregorian hisabi kadan wuya fiye da Julian.

A tsarin da Gregorian kalandar

A Gregorian kalandar daukan la'akari da bambanci a cikin m da astronomical kalanda a 5 hours 48 minutes da kuma 14 seconds, cewa shi ne, kowace shekaru 100, da tulin shekara da aka soke.

To yaya za ka san abin da irin wani tsalle shekara, da kuma abin da yake ba? Shin akwai wani tsarin da algorithm a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da wani karin rana? Ko da yake shi ne mafi alhẽri a yi amfani da jerin tsalle shekaru?

Domin saukaka, wannan algorithm gaske gabatar. Kullum dauke su a tsalle shekara kowane shekara ta huɗu ta, ga sauƙi na amfani da shekaru da suke da, sau hudu. Saboda haka, idan kana so ka gano ko akwai wata tsalle shekara da ranar haihuwa Labari Kaka ko yakin duniya na biyu, ku kawai don gano idan wannan shekara ne zuwa kashi 4 ko ba. Saboda haka, 1904-th - wani tsalle shekara, 1908, na biyu - kamar 1917 da aka - babu.

A tsalle shekara da aka soke a lokacin da nuna na karni, wato a cikin shekarar da ke raba su da 100. Kamar wancan 1900 ya ba da wani tsalle shekara domin shi ne raba su da 100, wadanda ba tsalle shekara, da kuma 1800 th da kuma 1700 th. Amma ba da wani karin rana accumulates wani karni, kuma domin game da 123 shekaru, to, akwai bukatar da za a gyara sake. Yadda za a gane abin da mai tsalle shekara? Idan shekara ne raba su da 100 da kuma raba su da 400, an dauke da tulin shekara. Wancan ne, 2000 wani tsalle shekara, kazalika da 1600-th.

A Gregorian kalanda da irin wannan hadadden gyara don haka daidai wannan karin lokaci bar, amma muna magana ne game da dakika. Wadannan sune ake kira tsalle seconds, ma, cewa shi ne nan da nan share abin da suke nufi. Biyu daga gare su, a shekara kuma suna kara a kan Yuni 30 da Disamba 31 a 23:59:59. Wadannan biyu seconds daidaitãwa astronomical da kuma duniya lokaci.

Abin da ke bambanta wani tsalle shekara?

Tsautsayi shekara fiye da yadda ya saba domin wata rana, 366 kwana a cikinsa. A baya can, ko in Roman sau, wannan shekara ta kasance kwana biyu a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, amma yanzu, ba shakka, da ranar da aka dauke daban. Wannan shekara, a watan Fabrairu, wata rana fiye da yadda ya saba, cewa shi ne, 29.

Amma an yi imani da cewa shekara, a cikinsa akwai a kan Fabrairu 29 hatsarori. An yi imani da cewa a cikin tsalle shekaru da mace-mace kudi yakan faruwa daban-daban matsaloli.

Farin ciki ko bakin ciki?

Idan ka dubi wani ginshiƙi na mace-mace a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, rabi na biyu na karni na 20th, kuma a Rasha, za mu iya ganin cewa matakin qarshe na rubuce a cikin 2000. Wannan za a iya bayyana ta rikicen tattalin arziki, low misali na rai da sauran matsaloli. Eh, mutum dubu biyu da aka mai tsalle shekara (kamar yadda aka raba by 400), amma wannan yana mulki? 1996 - aikata ba wani zakara na mutuwa kudi a cikin gabace shi a 1995 da mutuwa kudi ya mafi girma.

Its mafi ƙasƙanci matakin kusan rabin karni da ta kai a shekarar 1987. Shekara ba a yi tsalle shekara, amma a shekara ta 1986 adadin mutuwar kasance ma low, da yawa ƙananan fiye da, misali, a 1981.

Misalan suna da yawa, amma shi a fili ya nuna cewa mace-mace kudi a cikin "dogon" shekara bã ya ƙãra.

Idan ka dubi haihuwa statistics, da hujjõji dangantaka da da tsawon shekara, kuma, ba za a iya samu. Tsautsayi shekaru na karni na 20th bai tabbatar da ka'idar tsautsayi. A haihuwa kudi a Rasha da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama a ko'ina. Kadan Yunƙurin aka lura kawai a shekarar 1987, sa'an nan da haihuwa kudi fara girma steadily bayan da na 2008.

Zai yiwu a yi tsalle shekara ma'anar wasu tashin hankali a harkokin siyasa ko nuna bambanci bala'o'i ko yaki?

Daya kawai tsalle shekara za a iya samu daga cikin kwanan wata fashewa tashin: 1812 th - yaki da Napoleon. shi ƙare quite da farin ciki ga Rasha, amma, ba shakka, yana a kanta tsanani kalubale. Amma ba da shekara na juyin juya halin a 1905 kuma a 1917 aka ba tsalle shekaru. Shekara na farkon yakin duniya na II (1939) ne haƙĩƙa mafi zullumi shekara ga dukan Turai, amma ba a yi tsalle shekara.

A tsalle shekaru akwai lokatan wata girgizar kasa a Armenia da kuma fashewa da da hydrogen bam, amma abubuwan da suka faru irin su chernobyl masifa, bala'i da Japan biranen Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, volcanic eruptions da sauran bala'i sun faru a cikin mafi talakawa shekara. List of tsalle shekaru a cikin karni na 20th ba daidai da bakin ciki jerin tsautsayi da kuma bala'i.

Sanadin unhappiness

Psychologists yi imani da cewa dukkan zargin m tsalle shekara, babu fiye da camfi. Idan an tabbatar da, shi ne magana game da shi. Idan ba a tabbatar, shi kawai manta. Amma da fata na unhappiness kanta yiwu matsala da kuma "Pull". Ba don kome ba ne sau da yawa wani mutum daidai da abin da ke faruwa, abin da ya ji tsõron.

Daya daga cikin tsarkakan ce: "Idan ba ka yi imani da bata bayan shiriya, su ba za a kashe." A wannan yanayin da shi ba zai iya zama mafi m.

A tsalle shekara a Hebrew

A gargajiya Yahudawa kalanda yana amfani da Lunar watanni, wanda ya wuce kwanaki 28. A sakamakon kalanda shekara karkashin wannan tsarin dama takaice astronomical 11 days. Don daidaita routinely ba wani karin wata na shekara. Tsautsayi Shekara a cikin gargajiya Yahudawa kalandar kunshi na goma sha uku watanni.

Tsautsayi shekara ga Yahudawa ne sau da yawa: na goma sha tara da shekaru yawanci kawai goma sha biyu, da kuma wani bakwai - tsalle. Watau tsalle shekaru Yahudawa da yawa fiye da saba hali. Amma tambaya, ba shakka, shi ne kawai gargajiya Yahudawa kalanda, maimakon a kan wanda zaune da wani zamani jihar na Isra'ila.

Tsautsayi shekara: a lokacin da na gaba

Duk da mu Sahaban an daina fuskanci ware a cikin asusun tsalle shekaru. Next shekara, cewa ba zai zama wani tsalle shekara, shi ake sa ran kawai a 2100, abu ne mai wuya wannan gaskiya ne domin mu. Saboda haka da cewa gaba tsalle shekara za a iya lasafta sosai kawai: na gaba shekara da cewa shi ne raba su da 4.

2012 shi ne a tsalle shekara, 2016 zai kuma zama na biyu, tsalle na biyu zai zama shekarar 2020 da kuma 2024 th, 2028 th da kuma 2032 th. Lissafi ne quite sauki. Don san wannan, ba shakka, dole, amma bari wannan bayani ba tsõratarwa. Kuma a cikin wani tsalle shekara faruwa ban mamaki da kuma m events. Alal misali, mutane haife a kan Fabrairu 29, suna dauke sa'a da kuma farin ciki.