Transfer halayya contiguity. Metonymy: Definition

Kalmar "metonymy" ya zo daga Girkanci kalmar ma'ana "sake suna". Wannan sawu, wanda yake shi ne canja wuri da darajar da contiguity - wuccin ko na yau da kullum - sunan wani aji na abubuwa, ko mai raba daya ga ko wani aji, a hade da shi ga hannu a cikin wani musamman halin da ake ciki, ko contiguity.

Abin da sunayen za a iya canjawa wuri

Dalili na metonymy ne na sarari, na ra'ayi, taron, ma'ana da kuma syntagmatic dangantakar dake tsakanin wasu daga cikin Categories cewa suna cikin gaskiya da kuma ta tunani a cikin zuciyar dan Adam, yake kunshe a cikin takamaiman ma'ana kalmomi - tsakanin mutane, abubuwa, ayyuka, events, tafiyar matakai, events, zamantakewa cibiyoyin, lokaci, wuri, da dai sauransu

Sunan za a iya canjawa wuri:

1) tare da matabbata a kan adadin abun ciki ko abun ciki da kanta, kamar "gilashin" - "auna bushe da ruwa talakawa" "shan jirgin ruwa".

2) wani abu don kayayyakin sanya daga gare shi: "jan" - "coppers," da kuma "karfe".

3) daga kauye, wani wuri a kan hade taron ko kafa na rai na mazaunanta: "The dukan kauyen yana dariya a gare shi", "Road" - "tafiya", "hanyar sa ga motsi," "tafiya lokaci".

3) wani takamaiman mataki a kan ta sakamakon haka, batun da hannu a cikin aikin (makamin, abu, batu) ko wuri: "Tsaya" - wannan shi ne wurin da kai, da kuma takamaiman mataki, "fito" - na'ura zuwa ping da kuma dabi'ar bushe-bushe.

5) siffofin magana takamaiman abun ciki ko wani takamaiman, kayan embodiment a ciki a matsayin dukan, "shi ne mai ban sha'awa littafin" yana nufin da abun ciki, da kuma "babban littafin" - a cikin batun.

6) da canja wurin darajar da adjacency da kimiyya da masana'antu da ilmi to ta batu da kuma mataimakin versa, "nahawu" - wannan "tsarin harshen" da "reshe na harsuna,";

7) tare da events, zamantakewa events a kan ta mahalarta: "The taro za a gudanar a watan Yuni," da kuma "The taron sun amince kan muhimmancin da hukuncin".

8) tare da ma'aikata na zamantakewa ta kan gabatarwa, da totality of ma'aikatansa, "da ma'aikata suka yi yajin" da kuma "gyara factory".

9) tare da wani ɓangare na dukan, da kuma mataimakin versa, "pear" - " 'ya'yan itace" da kuma "itace" (da canja wurin da take da wani ɓangare na wani dukan kira synecdoche - musamman idan akwai metonymy).

10) tare da wani tunanin jihar a tushen dalilin "tsoro" - "mummunan abun" da "tsoro".

11) A marubucin sunan za a iya amfani da su koma zuwa ga style da ya halitta, a model, ko cikin ayyukansa: "buga, karanta Tolstoy ta" Bull - "furniture da wasu irin ado" da "sunan master."

yau da kullum metonymy

Metonymy, nuna da hulda da Concepts, Categories, da / ko abubuwa, shi ya zama na yau da kullum a lokacin da shi halitta na ginin jumla model na kalmar-samuwar daban da kuma shubuha kalmomi, sau da yawa hada a daban-daban na dabi'u: taron, da ke nuni, batu (kankare da m). Alal misali, mataki sunayen ake amfani a kai a kai, don bayyana wasu daga cikin sakamakon mahaluži ( "aikin", "aikin", "labarin", "bayani", "gini").

polysemy kari na baya baki

Idan analogical canja wuri ne da za'ayi a kai a kai a cikin kalma-kafa irin, ta sakamako iya zama polysemy kari na baya baki maimakon substrate (kwatanta, misali, da darajar kamar na fi'ili suffixes -enie, -anie). A jam'iyya na wasu abubuwa a kan adjacency da kusanci na ma'ana Concepts canza kama zuwa jituwar dabi'u. Metonymy wannan irin hidima da wani dalili - nominative, da kuma taimaka wa ci gaban lexical harshen wajen.

Abin da ya haddasa metonymy

Generate da sunadaran da en na daban-daban syntagmatic canje. Abin da ke faruwa a kai a kai a kan tushen da bada shawarwari ko phrases metonymy, wanda shi ne sakamakon abin da ake kira elliptical rage rubutu rike yawanci wasu mataki na ta da iyaka yanayi na ta amfani, ba tare da samar da contextually m sabon darajar, misali: "A cikin gidan kayan gargajiya akwai biyu Van Gogh" (ma'ana "biyu zane-zane Van Gogh "), amma ba za ka iya ce:" a cikin daya Van Gogh wanda aka nuna wata budurwa. "

Sadarwa da mahallin

A mafi m mahada tare da mahallin shi ne irin wannan metonymy (misalai a Rasha harshen, duba ƙasa), a cikin abin da nadi na yanayin da ake ciki, dangane da wani predicate, an rage kawai a bangaren abu dabi'u: "Abin da ke cikin al'amarin -" Zuciya (shugaban, hakora, makogwaro) "- ma'ana" zuciya aches (shugaban, hakora, makogwaro). Wannan amfani da aka iyakance zuwa takamaiman na ginin jumla da kuma syntactic riƙa. Saboda haka, wasu alama da ma'anar (misalai - da "zuciya", "kai") ba za a iya hade tare da procedural fi'ilai kuma manufofi, ma'ana da yanayi da cutar da kuma zafi. Ba za mu iya ce "karfi (nagging, m) zuciya" ko "zuciya aggravated (worsened, tsananta)." A wannan yanayin, da canja wurin da tamanin da adjacency ba kafa da kansa daga cikin mahallin da na ginin jumla abun ciki na magana. Yana hidima a matsayin hanyar m na ginin jumla bambance-bambancen karatu na da amfani. Alama da ma'anar, misalai na abin da aka ambata a sama, an kakkarfan dangankata da mahallin.

Kamar yadda amfani metonymy

Used metonymy (synecdoche sau da yawa) a matsayin liyafar da wani situational category abu da ta waje individualizing bayani. Proisllyustriruem mu tunani. Ka ɗauki waɗannan shawarwari don metonymy, kamar, 'Hey, game! "," A hat karanta a jarida. " Irin wannan amfanin ne kama da wani wanda aka samu a samansu akidar - substantivized siffa da suna, Wed. "Beard" da "bearded", "bearded". Wannan irin metonymy (misalai a cikin s abin da harshe -. Little Red Riding Hood, Little Longnose, da dai sauransu) sau da yawa hidima a matsayin hanyar samar da miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ, miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ.

Alama ce mai zaman kungiyar

Idan abu ne ake kira metonymy, shi ne hali da mutane da yawa, zai iya kai tushen a cikin harshe da kuma matsayin nadi na wani zaman jama'a kungiyar, misali, kalmar nan "Bast" iya nuna wani Rasha baƙauye a pre-neman sauyi lokaci. Amma irin wannan metonymy rasa denotative (na ginin jumla) kwanciyar hankali. A daban-daban tarihi riƙa kira "gemu" da aka amfani da su koma zuwa ga hikima, manoma, manyan gari, dattawa, da kuma a wasu gungun matasa. Metonymy misalai a Rasha harshen, wanda muka ambata, shi ne mai matukar kowa.

Syntactic matsayin metonymy

A amfani da wannan sawu (synecdoche, da farko) da farko koma ga batun magana hadawa da shi tare da syntactic matsayi na magana, magani da kuma tarawa. Kamar yadda predicate situational dauke darajar da adjacency ne ɗai ɗai, saboda shi ba ya yi wani aiki characterizing. Idan metonymy amfani a cikin predicate, shi an canza kama zuwa wani misãli, kamar "hat" - a "bungler", "Shoe" - "cikinsa halakakke ne, a ƙasƙancin rãyuwa mutum." A amfani da sunayen a cikin predicate darajar partitive kullum hidima da dalilai aspektizatsii batu ba a dauke a mafi yawan lokuta kamar yadda canja wuri na adjacency. Bari mu kwatanta mu batu. Na yi la'akari da wannan: "Ya kasance mai taurin kai hankali" - yana nufin da halayyar da wani bangare na mutum, su zama daidai - ya ilimi halin.

Synecdoche ba a yi amfani da wani rayuwan sentences, ko su equivalents, wanda ya gabatar da batun a cikin labari duniya. Alal misali, ba za mu iya fara da labarin da kalmomi kamar :. zarar akwai (daya, wasu) Red Riding Hood "Wannan amfani da aka ba sani a matsayin wata alama da mutum, da kuma matsayin embodiment na magana.