Ta yaya lichens ke ci? Fasali na lichens, tsari da haifuwa

Duniya ta yanayi ta bambanta kuma ba ta bambanta ba. Kowace shekara, masana kimiyya suna samun ƙarin binciken da ke nuna mana abubuwan da suke da shi na nazarin duniya a kusa da mu. Amma rayayyun halittu masu rai, waɗanda mutum ya san daga lokacin da suke zuwa, har yanzu suna iya mamaki. Ɗauka, alal misali, lichens. Su ne mai sauƙi, amma fasalin ayyukan rayuwarsu suna da ban mamaki.

Kuna san yadda cin kwana ke ci? Wannan abu ne na musamman, wanda ya dace ya kwatanta daki-daki.

Difficulties a sanin

Gaba ɗaya, suna da wuya a yi nazarin, domin suna wakiltar alamomin kwayoyin daban daban. Kowace lichen an kafa shi ta hanyar alamomin algae autotrophic da naman gwari heterotrophic. A bayyane yake cewa dole ne mu fara nazarin ilmin halitta da kuma muhimmin aiki na kowanne kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan hanya na yin nazarin ilimin tauhidi ya ba da dama kurakurai da kurakurai, sabili da haka masana kimiyya suna da tambayoyi masu yawa, ba duk abin da ke da amsoshi ba. Duk da haka, masu bincike sun ci gaba da gano ainihin alamu.

Tsarin ciki

Bugu da ƙari, dukan jikin lichen yana da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki na hyphae na fungal, cikin ciki akwai ƙananan algae na autotrophic. A yau a cikin kimiyya ya bambanta irin wadannan lichens:

• Daban gida iri (Collema). Kwayoyin da ake kira photobiont (algae) suna warwatse tare da jiki a cikin wata hanya mara kyau.
• Harshen Hanromeric (Canal mai lamba). A cikin ɓangaren gefe, yana yiwuwa a gani a fili ga yaduwar sanyi (hyphae) da algae.

Yawanci dukkanin akwai lichens, tsarinsa wanda ya dogara akan tsarin karshe. A wannan yanayin, dukkanin saman Layer an kafa shi ta wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na naman ƙwari, wadda ke kare jikin lasisin daga mummunar tasirin yanayin waje. Bugu da ƙari, naman gwari yana hana saurin bushewa da sauri (amma ba koyaushe yana taimakon) ba.

Layer na gaba ya ƙunshi mallaka na autotrophic algae. A tsakiya shine ainihin lasisin lichen, wanda ke da mahimmancin igiya na tsinkayen naman gwari da kuma mulkin autotrophic. Wannan "sanda" yana da aiki biyu: a daya hannun, lichen yana tanadar ruwa a zuciyar. A wani ɓangare kuma, ƙaddarar wata ce wadda aka ba da ita. A cikin ƙananan rabi akwai rhizins. Wannan wani nau'i ne, wanda ta hanyar lasisin lichen ya rataye a jikin. Ya kamata a tuna cewa ba a samo cikakken jigon a cikin dukan nau'in.

Wasu nau'o'in lichens (cyanolipers) suna nuna cewa a cikin tsarin su akwai mazauna mazaunin cyanhydrate. A cikin wadannan jinsunan, rabuwa cikin layi yana da kyau sosai. To yaya yanda 'yan duban ci? Amsar wannan tambaya shi ne kai tsaye related to da siffofin na aiwatar da photosynthesis suke da shi.

A kan aiwatar da photosynthesis

Akwai dubban karatun da aka kebanta musamman ga halaye na photosynthesis a cikin wadannan kwayoyin halittu. Tun game 10-15% na girma shagaltar da algae, wanda ya ba su kusan duk gina jiki, akwai mutane da yawa tambayoyi game da tsanani da tsari. Bambanci kamar yadda yake iya gani, matakan da ya fi sauƙi sun nuna cewa yawancin photosynthesis a lichens yana da zurfin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Don haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ma'anar kwayoyin dankali, rabon zai kasance 1:16.

Amma yadda za a bayyana rayuwar mai dadi sosai a irin wannan yanayi? Gaba ɗaya, babu wani abu mai rikitarwa a wannan. Gaskiyar ita ce, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna "farke" saboda yawancin rayuwarsu, yayin da lichens a wasu wurare kusan kusan shekara duk suna cikin rani-dried, a cikin anabiosis. Tabbas, suna da isasshen abinci mai yawa don tallafawa rayuwa.

Ga yadda za'a ci lichens. Hakan na 7 a makarantun ilmin halitta zai iya nazarin wannan batu a cikin cikakken bayani, amma a wannan yanayin tsarin koyarwar ba ya bada amsoshin tambayoyi masu yawa. Alal misali, lokacin da tsarin aiwatar da kwayoyin halitta don abinci shine mai hankali, kuma a yaushe - dan kadan?

Menene kayyade girman photosynthesis a lichens?

Ya kamata a lura cewa ƙarfin wannan tsari ya dogara ne da abubuwa masu yawa daban-daban. Yana da mahimmanci cewa chloroplasts, lokacin da aka rufe shi da wani dutsen mai tsabta na hyphae, karɓar ramin haske fiye da irin wannan tsarin a mafi girma da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ko ma algae. Bisa mahimmanci, bambancin ba shine mahimmanci ba.

Ya kamata a lura cewa ana kiyasta yawan adadin tsarin photosynthesis lokacin da hasken ke cikin 4000-23000 lux. Ana iya samun wannan a cikin manyan wuraren wuraren lichens: tundra, forest-steppe, hasken gandun dajin arewa. A wa annan wurare inda tsananin haske ya fi girma, samar da ƙwayoyin sinadarin duhu (parietin) ya fara a cikin jikin kwayoyin halittu, da kuma abubuwa masu musamman don lichens (misali, misali).

A sakamakon photosynthesis kwayoyin abubuwa ne gaba daya kwatanci ne ga wadanda daga cikin mafi girma da shuke-shuke. Ana amfani dashi don dalilai na trophic. Ga yadda za'a ci lichens. Sakamakon karatun 7 na makarantar sakandaren ilimi yana nazarin ayyukan rayuwar su sosai, duk da cewa wannan batu ne mai girma kuma mai ban sha'awa sosai. Muna ba da labarinka mai zurfi wanda zai iya ba kawai mai ban sha'awa ba, har ma da amfani.

Tsarin numfashi

Abu ne mai sauƙi ka yi tunanin cewa samar da kayan gina jiki kai tsaye ya dogara da numfashi. Ya bambanta da photosynthesis a lichens, yana da tsanani: 0.2-2.0 MG CO2 a kowace awa yana samar da nau'i guda ɗaya na kwayoyin halittu. Idan ka karanta a hankali a kan wannan labarin, tabbas ka fahimci cewa kimanin 85-90% na lasisin lichen ne yana cikin nauyin mycobiotic. Don sanya shi kawai, a cikin oxygen, sashin fungal ya fi bukata fiye da autotrophic alga. Tun lokacin da lichens ke ci a cikin yanayin al'ada ba ma a kai a kai ba (dalili shine yanayin hawan yanayi mai tsanani), babban ɓangaren abubuwan gina jiki suna adana a cikin kyallen su.

Kamar photosynthesis, yanayin numfashi yana dogara da yawan ruwa.

Ya kamata ku sani cewa ƙananan numfashi na numfashi, wanda ya zama dole don samun adadin makamashi daga abubuwan gina jiki, lasisin yana riƙe kusan a kowane yanayi (dace da rayuwa, ba shakka). Wannan tsari yana yiwuwa tare da wadannan zazzabi masu zuwa: -15 zuwa +30, +50 ° C. Amma tsarin mulki mafi kyau shine a cikin kewayon daga +15 zuwa +20 ° C. Tare da sanyaya, amfani da oxygen fara farawa. Kuma lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama da +35 digiri, matakan biyu ana daidaita daidai.

Akwai sanannun sanannun inda wani lichen (hoto na wannan jinsin yake a cikin labarin), aka kawo wa ɗayan gidajen tarihi na Moscow ta hanyar balaguro na kamfanin Royal Archaeological Society, ya mayar da muhimmin aikinsa, ɗayan ma'aikata a cikin tukunyar tukunya tare da ƙasa mai zurfi. Amma a wannan lokacin ya kasance cikin busassun bushe, akwati da aka rufe don kusan shekaru 90 kuma yawancin lokacin da aka hana masa haske!

Ba abin mamaki bane cewa ilimin zamani na da sha'awar wadannan kwayoyin. Lichens mai yiwuwa yana da asiri mafi yawa, watau bayyanawa, watakila, zai taimaka wajen bunkasa maganin.

Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa ka'idodin lasisin lasisi suna da alaƙa da juna kamar yadda ya fi dacewa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Amma akwai kuma bambance-bambance, babban mahimmanci shine fifiko daban-daban tsakanin shafan oxygen da saki carbon dioxide. Bugu da ƙari, suna da matukar damuwa ga sakamakon bushewa, ƙananan yanayin zafi. Ba tare da dalili ba a cikin hanyoyi da lichens iya girma ko da a yanayin Arctic.

Yanayin yanayin zafi

Mafi yawan zafin jiki don photosynthesis a lichens daga +10 zuwa +25 digiri Celsius. Amma iyawar hakar carbon dioxide a cikin su yana kiyaye har zuwa -25 digiri. Wannan wata alama ce mai ban mamaki na lichens, wanda ya bambanta su daga shuke-shuke mafi girma har ma algae. A zazzabi daga -5 zuwa -10 digiri, ƙarfin assimilation na carbon dioxide kusan kusan fiye da yanayi mafi kyau. A yawancin tsire-tsire, a cikin wannan yanayin, kankara yana cikin siffar intercellular, wanda kawai ya rushe sassan.

Ya bambanta, lichens a kan bishiyoyi, wanda ƙwanƙunsa na hakika ya ragargaza yanayi mai tsabta ta arewa (damuwa), yana jin dadi sosai a farkon kakar dumi.

Fasali na musayar ruwa

Masu binciken sun zo ga ƙarshe cewa lichens ya bambanta a wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na musamman na musayar ruwa. Gaskiyar ita ce, ruwa a jikinsu yana kunshe ne a wurare tsakanin hyphae mai karfi. Lokacin da ya rage, ba zai kawo mummunar cutar ba, kuma tsarin cinyewa da abinci ya ci gaba da faruwa. Duk da haka, koda tare da karuwa a cikin zazzabi zuwa + digiri Celsius ko fiye da digiri, mahimmancin tsarin photosynthesis yana dakatar, wanda ya bambanta lasisi daga tsire-tsire.

Yawan ruwan da zai isa ga rayuwa ta al'ada ya dogara da iyali. Saboda haka, bushy lichens suna iya samin photosynthesis da kuma samar da abubuwa masu magungunan abinci don kusan abinci. Ƙarfin jiki, daɗaɗɗen ruwa zai iya tarawa a ciki, da ƙasa da shi yana kwashe.

Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga lichens, kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan lokuta suna girma a cikin yanayi mai wuya, lokacin da yawancin abin da ke samar da ruwa ba tare da tabbas ba. A irin wannan yanayi, kowane shuka zai mutu. Lichen kuma yana jin dadi ko da a yanayin yanayi na ainihi da Arctic.

Dokar gyara musayar ruwa

Mutum zai iya fahimtar cewa tsarin aikin ruwa na ƙaƙƙarfan ruwa a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin an shirya shi ta hanya dabam dabam fiye da tsire-tsire masu girma. Tun da suna da kusan babu tsari na musamman don hakan. Alal misali, shayar da ruwa a cikin su yana faruwa ne da sauri, amma saboda sabuntawarsa ta dukan jikin jikin. Kuna iya yin gwaji mai sauƙi: zuba ruwa mai yawa a kan teburin kuma saka wani nau'in nama ko takardar bayan gida a kan puddle.

Kamar yadda ka gani, ruwan nan da nan ya tuna, tun da tsarin takardun yana da karfin talla mai kyau. Hakanan ya faru a yanayin saukan lichens. Don haka, mun yi la'akari da wannan labarin tare da wani samfurin da aka dade, wanda aka kawo ta wannan karo. Lokacin da ma'aikaci ya sanya lichen a cikin tukunyar furen, sai ya sauko da irin wannan ruwa, wanda ya isa ya mayar da rai.

Wasu bushy lichens suna iya shafan yawan adadin ruwa, wanda nauyinsa har zuwa 300% na nasu. Sauran nau'o'in (kolejoji, leptogiums) suna karuwa a cikin size ta 400-3900%! Idan mukayi magana game da abun da ke cikin ruwa, shine kusan kashi 2% na nauyin nauyin lasisin lichen. Irin wannan lichen (hoton da za ka samu a cikin wannan abu) baya kama da kwayoyin halitta ba.

Game da kudi na saki

Kamar yadda yake a kan takardar gidan bayan gida, jiki yana ba jikin jiki jiki mai sauri. A cikin sa'a daya kawai, lichen, wanda kawai ya shafe kusan lita na ruwa, zai iya bushe har zuwa wata ƙasa maras kyau. Sabili da haka, "yawan aiki" daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta ne mai mahimmanci na yau da kullum: ƙaddamar da abubuwa na trophic zai iya canza canji ba kawai a lokacin kakar wasa ba, amma har tsawon daya ko biyu!

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana kimiyya sun koyi cewa wasu nau'in lichens da suke zaune a cikin tundra (Evernia prunastri) na iya amfani da "ƙura" na hasken rana, a wasu lokutan fashewar ruwan dusar ƙanƙara. Sakamakon haka, ba su ƙare da photosynthesis ko da a cikin hunturu ba.

Sake haifar da lichens

Bugu da ƙari, siffofin lichens sun kasance a gaban hanyoyi uku na haifuwa:

• Vegetative.
• Jima'i.
• Sexless.

Naman gwari, wato, mycobiotic, zai iya haifuwa a cikin dukkan hanyoyi, alhali kuwa algae yana iya zama kawai na ƙungiyar kai tsaye. Spores na naman gwari yana samuwa a cikin jaka na musamman. Ascomycete lichens amfani da manyan manyan kungiyoyi biyu na jikin jiki don tsarin tsarin haifuwa: apothecia da perithecy. Hanyoyin su kamar haka:

• Apothecia shi ne gado na yau da kullum. Akwai jaka, waɗanda suke a tsakanin al'ada, hyphae marar iyaka. Wannan lakabin da ake kira Hymenium.
• Tsarin al'ada yana kama da kusan tsarin rufe siffar siffar siffar siffar. An saki spores ta hanyar ramukan da aka samo a kan ɗayan 'ya'yan itace.

Wasu jinsuna zasu iya samar da ma'adanai na asexual, pycnospores (pycnoconidia). Matsayin da suka samu shi ne pycnidia. Wadannan takalma sune siffar siffar fatar jiki ko wani nau'i mai nau'in pear, wanda shine hyphae na musamman. Picnidia yana da sauki a gane, kamar yadda suke kama da dige baki a kan gado.

Yayinda spores tashi, a karkashin yanayi masu dacewa suna gaggauta haifar da sabon hyphae, wanda ya zama jikin sabon lasisi. Suna (hyphae) kuma sun shiga cikin kwayoyin algae, bayan haka an samu sabon kwayar halitta.

Ma'ana

Gaba ɗaya, masses da lichens suna da muhimmancin gaske. A tundra kuma Arctic hamada su - sau da yawa kadai autotrophic kwayoyin da cewa zai iya tara gina jiki kwayoyin abubuwa a musamman m yanayi. Sakamakon haka, wadannan kwayoyin sune tushen abinci ga 'yan' yan mata da ke zaune a wuraren da ba su da wata wahala. Bugu da ƙari, kawai launi a bishiyoyi, ko da a yanayi na sauyin yanayi, sau da yawa ya bamu damar tsira a cikin hunturu, alal misali, sautin da roe deer.