Ilimin Lomonosov a cikin kimiyya (a taƙaice). Babban darajar Lomonosov. Ilimin likon Lomonosov a cikin ilimin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, wallafe-wallafe da kuma Rasha

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov wani abu ne na musamman a tarihin kasarmu. Ya yi yawa ga Rasha, bayan ya nuna kansa a wasu fannoni. Ayyukan Lomonosov a cikin ilimin kimiyya masu yawa. Tabbas, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (shekarun rayuwa - 1711-1765) - mutumin da yake da mahimmanci da ilimi. Wannan shine masanin kimiyya na halitta a kasarmu, wanda nasarorinsa sune muhimmancin duniya. Mikhail Vasilievich masanin tarihi ne, mawaki, zane-zane, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa irin wannan ilimin ilimin ilimin kimiyyar jiki. Mun gabatar da hankalinku ga muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Lomonosov a wasu fannoni na ilmi.

Chemistry da Physics

Mikhail Vasilievich yayi la'akari da ilmin sunadarai don zama babban aikinsa. Babban darajar Lomonosov shi ne cewa ya ci gaba da ingantaccen asali na koyarwar kwayoyin halitta ta zamani. A 1748 masana kimiyya na farko tsara da dokar kiyayewa taro abubuwa lura a sinadaran halayen.

Ayyukan Lomonosov a cikin sunadarai sun haɗa ba tare da gano dokokin ba. Ya yi magana game da bukatar hada hada-hadar masana kimiyya daban-daban don magance matsaloli. A shekara ta 1751, Mikhail Vasilievich ya halicci "Maganar amfanin ilmin sunadarai." A cikin wannan, ya bukaci aikace-aikacen nasarorin kimiyya a matsayin ilimin lissafi da ilmin lissafi, don nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta.

Ayyukan Lomonosov a cikin ilimin lissafi sune maɗaukaki, amma babban nasararsa a cikin wannan filin shine ka'idar atomatik-corpuscular, wadda ta bayyana tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Masanin kimiyya ya bayyana, saboda duk wani dalili, abubuwa sun dauki jihohin jinsi, kuma sun haifar da ka'idar zafi.

Geography

A karkashin jagorancin Mikhail Vasilievich ya shirya don wallafa "Atlas na Rasha", wanda ya zarce irin wannan yanayin Turai. An ladaftaccen bayanin labarun, da kuma bayanin mulkin daular tattalin arziki da siyasa.

Lomonosov, a gaskiya, ya gudanar da cikakken kundin jihar. Mikhail Vasilievich ya kirkiro wani shirin nazarin tattalin arziki da lissafi na Rasha. An fitar da fitarwa a ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da shi. Bugu da} ari, an aika wa] ansu takardu zuwa lardin. An tattara bayanai mai zurfi don samfurori. Ya gabatar da halaye na al'ada na wurare daban-daban na kasar (bayani game da tsarin bankunan kogunan, game da manyan hawan), da kuma alamun tattalin arziki da aka haɗu da yanayin yanayi (inda garin yake, ko a kan kogi, wace masana'antu da masana'antu , Crafts da crafts, dabba da kama kifi, sana'a, murabba'ai).

Amma wannan bai dace da Lomonosov a cikin wannan kimiyya ba. Mikhail dauke da kafa wannan filin na ilmi, kamar yadda da tattalin arziki labarin kasa. Lomonosov a shekara ta 1758 ya zama shugaban Sashen Kasuwanci, wanda ke da Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya. Mikhail Lomonosov ya kasance malami ne ga masu yawa na zane-zane na Rasha, masanan geographers, oceanographers da masu binciken.

Tun lokacin yaro, Mikhail Vasilyevich yana son teku. Ya damu da ci gaba da kewayawa a kasar, yana da sha'awar nazarin kasashe pola. Lomonosov ya rubuta game da ƙasashen da ba a bayyana ba a cikin Arctic Ocean. Aikin farko na kimiyya na gida wanda Chichagov da Chelyuskin suka jagoranci sunyi godiya ga kokarin Mikhail Vasilievich. Shi ne wanda ya shirya shi, kuma ya kirkirar da cikakken bayani ga 'yan mambobin wannan aikin.

Geology

Lomonosov a 1763 ya halicci aikin da ake kira "A kan yadudduka na duniya." Ya ba da lissafi na ilimin zamani, wanda aka dauke shi na farko a tarihi. Kimiyya kanta ba ta wanzu ba. Lomonosov ya lura cewa nau'o'in ma'adinai sun bambanta a cikin shekaru, ya bayyana asalin burbushin halittu, ƙaddarar masarau, chernozem, girgizar asa.

Philology

Hanyoyin sha'awa na Lomonosov suna da matukar yawa a fannin ilimin harshe. Jerin ayyukan wannan babban masanin kimiyya yana cike da nau'i. Bari mu jera babban haɗin Lomonosov a Rasha. Shi ne wanda ya halicci harshen farko a kasarmu. Ya ƙunshi dokoki da ka'idojin sabuwar wallafe-wallafen, an gabatar da su a tsarin. Lomonosov shine marubucin ayyukan a kan harshe na harshen Rashanci, a kan nazarin nazarin tarihi na al'adu, akan mawallafa na fiction da kuma masu ladabi na harshe, a kan fasaha mai mahimmanci, da kuma akan ka'idar fahimtarwa da kuma lissafi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin haɗinsa akwai kuma ayyukan da aka haɗa da al'amuran al'ada na ci gaba da harshe.

Litattafai

Lomonosov shine mahaifin shayari na Rasha. Ya yarda a shafukan yau da kullum wani tsarin zamani na fahimta - syllabo-tonic. A shekara ta 1739 Lomonosov ya rubuta "Abinda aka dauka na Khotin." Yana da aka halitta da yin amfani da iambic tetrameter, wanda aka fara gabatar a Rasha ayar. Wannan Ode yi mini iso, a wani sabon zamanin Rasha shayari.

Bari mu lura cewa Lomonosov yana da sha'awar wannan nau'in. Harshen harshe na ƙwaƙwalwar, wadda take cike da adresai masu magana da ƙwarewa, fassarar jama'a, kwatancin cikakken bayani da misalai, siffofin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Slavs - duk wannan ya jawo hankalinsa. Lomonosov ya yi imani cewa wannan "mai girma ne mai ban sha'awa." Ya halicce shi, kusan dukkanin marubutan Rasha ne suka karɓa, wanda ya halicci ayyukansu a karni na 18. Lomonosov ya ba da haske da kimiyya a cikin halittunsa. Ya yaba da aikin zaman lafiya, ya yaba wa mutanen Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, Lomonosov ya koyar da sarakuna, yana samar da manufa na daukaka a ayyukansa.

Tarihi

Ilimin kimiyyar Lomonosov da yawa a kimiyya, musamman ma a tarihin tarihin, ba sauƙin ganewa bisa ga asali. Mafi sau da yawa, wahalar karatu da fahimtar ayyukan da ya halitta shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa harshen Lomonosov ba shi da kyau. Duk da haka, bisa ga halaye na halin kirki da na fasaha, yana da matukar girma, kuma a cikin salon, tsari da tsari ya zama jituwa da tsabta. Mikhail Vasilievich ne wanda ya gabatar da tarihin Rasha a cikakkiyar tsarki da cikakkiyar gaskiyar. Ya kauce wa nuna ra'ayoyin kansa, kuma ya kirkiro "Tarihin Rukuni" akan yadda aka tsara shi da kuma hanyoyin da ya karanta a tsawon shekaru.

Lomonosov yayi kokarin "tsaftace asalin tarihi" na kasarmu. Ya tabbatar da cewa Slavs ba Swedes, sabili da haka "version" Norman ya kamata a dauke erroneous. Mikhail Vasilyevich ya yi magana a sarari, duk da haka yana da hankali sosai, kuma yana da hankali, game da ka'idar coci. Bisa ga wannan ma'anar an gaskata cewa Slavs an samo daga jikan littafi mai tsarki Nuhu, Mosokh.

Samfurori na launi

Mikhail Vasilievich ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da samar da naman. Abin baƙin cikin shine, domin hukunci na binciken da ya yi a cikin wannan yanki, amma an kiyaye kayan da ba su da kyau. A cikin "Laboratory Records" (sashe na "Samfurori na Yara"), an samo wasu girke-girke na masarar ƙwayoyin. Wani ɓangare na cikinsu yana cikin "Laboratory Journal".

Lomonosov ya fara aiki a fili, mafi kusan a 1750. Kayan girke da aka kwatanta da shi ya shafi 1751, ko farkon farkon shekara ta 1752. Ba wanda zai iya tabbatar da tabbas ko ya daga bisani ya aiwatar da samfurori na launi. Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa Lomonosov ya gudanar da bincike a kai tsaye. Ya bi hanyar da ya bambanta da Vinogradov, abokiyarsa. Irin wannan ƙayyadewa za a iya yi ta hanyar kwatanta ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda wadannan masu bincike biyu suka halitta. A Lomonosov sun kasance nau'i guda biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ayi mai mahimmanci da yumbu. Mutane da yawa sun bambanta ne kawai a cikin kayan kayan quartz, nau'in ƙera, shirye-shiryen farko - mataki na nika, calcination, wanka. Bugu da ƙari, yawan fasalitar da aka tsara na maƙalar abu ya bambanta. Vinogradov kuma yayi amfani da na uku a matsayin plavnya - alabaster (gypsum).

Yi aiki tare da mosaic

Mikhail yi aiki tare da mosaic - view of monumental zanen. Me ya sa yake sha'awar hakan? Masanin kimiyya ya rubuta cewa masu zane-zane suna amfani da launuka masu launin, kuma duk sauran sun hada da haɗuwa. Ya kuma so ya sami hanyoyi masu sauki da sauƙi don canja wurin hoton.

Mikhail Vasilievich yana kusa da kullun a cikin bangon Academy of Sciences. Ya nemi tserewa daga ofishin, don gano ayyukan da yanayinsa zai iya gane kansa.

Lomonosov ya kasance mai sha'awar mosaics kafin ya samu kaya na jikinsa. Ya kasance mai janyo hankulan al'adun da aka samo daga smalt (allo na launin gilashin launi daban-daban) ba tare da nuna hotuna da zane-zane ba. A cikin shekara ta 1746 Count M.I. Vorontsov ya zo daga Roma da dama ayyuka. A cikin wannan ƙididdiga, Mikhail Lomonosov ya ziyarci sau da yawa.

Ka'idar "launuka uku"

Mikhail Vasilyevich ya fara inganta ka'idar "launuka uku." Babu shakka, yana da muhimmancin gaske don cigaban cigaban kimiyyar launi. Masanin kimiyya ya kafa, cewa dukkan launukan launuka suna da nau'i uku. Mikhail Vasilievich ta gano hanyoyin da za a magance matsalolin matsalolin da suke amfani da su, a yanzu suna amfani da su a fina-finai, bugawa, daukar hoto. Lomonosov yayi kokarin ƙirƙirar na'urori tare da taimakon wanda zai yiwu ya sami kowane launi ta hanyar cirewa ko ƙara manyan abubuwa uku.

"Poltava yaki"

Ayyukan mashahuran Mikhail Vasilyevich shine "Poltava Battle". Wannan hoton yana kunshe da yanka na smalt. Tsawon ginshiƙan shine 5 cm, kuma kauri ne kawai 1-6 mm. Wannan zane-zane ya ɗauki ta Lomonosov don Peter da Paul Cathedral a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin kayan da aka sanya a cikin ginin. A cikin girman girman, wannan aikin yana da girma - fiye da mita 300. M. A gefen hagu, Bitrus I an kwatanta shi a kan doki. Shi ne babban kwamandan mayaƙansa, wanda ke jagorantar yaki da sojojin Rasha. Halin Bitrus yana da basira da ƙarfin hali, girmansa yana da girma. Biye da sahabbansa, tsakanin wanda aka gane A. D. Menshikov kuma B. P. Sheremetev. A tsakiyar abun da ke ciki shi ne soja mai sauƙi wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa ga sarki. Wannan soja yana da kullun kamar dai yana hana Bitrus I daga motsawa don karya cikin zurfin yakin da hatsari na lalatawa. Wannan adadi yana wakiltar mutane masu sauki. A cewar marubucin, aikinsa ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da rawar da Peter I.

Don haka, mun bayyana ainihin muhimmancin Lomonosov a takaice. Hakika, ba mu fada game da duk nasarar da wannan masanin kimiyya ya samu ba. Dukan ayyukansa a cikin labarin daya ba za a iya rungumi ba. Bambanta Service University a adabi da kuma Rasha harshen, sunadarai, labarin kasa, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sauran fannoni na ilimi sa shi daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Figures a tarihin kasar.