Mechanical shuka nama: siffofin tsarin da ayyuka

Kamar dai a cikin dabbobi, a jikin jikin tsire-tsire suna da nau'in takalma. Daga cikin waɗannan, an gina gabobin, wanda, a bi da bi, sunada tsarin. Tsarin siginar gaba ɗaya shine iri ɗaya - tantanin halitta.

Duk da haka, da shuka nama da kuma dabbobi da kuma bambanta a tsarin da ayyuka yi. Don haka bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu fahimci abin da waɗannan siffofin suke wakiltar wakilan flora. Bari mu duba dalla-dalla game da abin da ake amfani da shi na kayan inji na tsire-tsire.

Ayyukan shuke-shuke

A cikakke, ƙungiyoyi 6 na kyallen takarda za a iya bambanta a cikin kwayar tsirrai.

1. Educational hada da wani rauni, apical, da kuma gefen gusset irin. Ana tsara shi don mayar da tsarin tsire-tsire, iri daban-daban na ci gaba, yana cikin bangarorin samfuran, yana samar da sababbin kwayoyin halitta. Dangane da aiki ya bayyana abin da za a sarrafa rabo tare da ilimi zane: petioles, internodes, tushen tip, da babba rabo daga tushe.
2. Takaitacciyar kunshi daban-daban na parenchyma (columnar, pneumatic, spongy, kara haja, ruwa-hali), kazalika da photosynthetic sassa. Ayyukan sun dace da sunan: tanadin ruwa, tarawa na kayan abinci, photosynthesis, musayar gas. Bayani a cikin ganye, mai tushe, 'ya'yan itatuwa.
3. Kayan kwaikwayo masu aiki shine xylem da phloem. Babban manufar shigo da kayan ma'adanai da ruwa zuwa ganyayyaki da maida da kuma dawo da kayan hade na gina jiki zuwa wuraren da aka tara. Suna a cikin tasoshin itace, ƙwayoyin na musamman na bast.
4. Rufe yadudduka hada a membobinsu uku na asali iri: da toshe kwalaba, Cork, da epidermis. Matsayinsu a wuri na farko - kare, da kuma tsabtace gas da musayar gas. Yanayi a cikin jikin shuka: farfajiya na ganye, haushi, tushen.
5. Secretory samar da nama yana yi ruwan 'ya'yan itace, nectars, rayuwa kayayyakin, danshi. Ana samuwa a cikin ƙananan ginin (maciji, mlechnikah, gashi).
6. Inji shuka nama, ta sifa da aiki da za a tattauna a kasa a more daki-daki.

Mechanical yadudduka: general halaye

Matsanancin yanayi da yanayin yanayi daban-daban, matsin lamba, ba sau da sauƙi canje-canje a yanayi - daga dukkan wannan mutumin yana kare gidan. Kuma sau da yawa irin wannan tsari don dabbobi ya zama shuke-shuke. Wa zai ceci kansu? Saboda haka, sun iya yin tsayayya nauyi iska da kuma girgizar asa, volcanic eruptions da ƙanƙara, da dusar ƙanƙara, da wurare masu zafi saman? Ya bayyana cewa tsarin da aka haɗa a cikin tsarin yana taimakawa wajen tsayayya da su - inji na injiniya.

Irin wannan tsarin ba a koyaushe a rarraba a cikin wannan shuka ba. Har ila yau, abubuwan da ke ciki sun bambanta daga wakilin wakili. Amma ga wasu har ya kasance a cikin kowa. Gidan kayan aikin injin yana da nasa tsari na musamman, rarrabawa da ayyuka.

Muhimmancin aiki

Ɗaya sunan wannan tsari yana magana game da rawar da muhimmancin da yake da shi ga shuke-shuke - ƙarfin inji, kariya, goyan baya. Sau da yawa, masana'antun injuna suna daidaita da ƙarfafawa. Wato, shi ne irin kwarangwal, kwarangwal, wanda ke ba da goyon baya da karfi ga dukan kwayoyin halitta.

Wadannan ayyuka na masana'antun injuna suna da mahimmanci. Dangane da su, tsire-tsire na iya tsayayya da yanayin yanayi mafi ƙarfi, yayin da yake riƙe da mutunci a duk sassa. Sau da yawa za ka ga yadda itatuwa ke motsawa daga gusts na iska. Duk da haka, ba su karya, suna nuna alamu na filastik da karfi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kayan aikin injuna na kyallen takarda suna aiki. Har ila yau, yana yiwuwa a gani da kwanciyar hankali na tsirrai, tsire-tsire, tsire-shrubs, kananan bishiyoyi. Dukansu suna cikin al'amuran al'ada, kamar dakarun da ke ci gaba.

Hakika, wannan yana bayanin fasalin tsarin tsarin salon salula da kuma nau'ikan kayan aikin injuna. Zaka iya raba su cikin kungiyoyi.

Ƙayyadewa

Akwai nau'o'in nau'i uku na irin waɗannan nau'o'in, kowanne ɗayan yana da nasaccen nau'i a cikin tsarin kayan inji.

1. Collenchyma.
2. Sclerenchyma.
3. Scleroids (sau da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sclerenchyma).

Kowane irin waɗannan nau'ikan za a iya samuwa daga duka sassan farko da sakandare. Duk inji nama Kwayoyin suna da m m cell ganuwar, wanda sun fi mayar da bayyana ikon yi wadannan ayyuka. Abubuwan ciki na kowane tantanin halitta zai iya kasancewa ko rai ko matattu.

Collenchyma da tsarinsa

A ci gaba da irin wannan tsarin ne manyan tsokoki na shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, sau da yawa collenchyma ya ƙunshi sinadarin chlorophyll kuma yana iya yin photosynthesis. Wannan nau'in ne kawai yake samuwa ne kawai a cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, yana rufe jikin su nan da nan a ƙarƙashin integument, wani lokacin dan kadan zurfi.

Yanayin wajibi ga collenchyma shi ne turgor na sel, kawai a cikin wannan yanayin zai iya yin ayyuka na kayan aiki, goyon bayan, sanya shi. Irin wannan yanayi yana yiwuwa, tun da dukkan kwayoyin halittar wannan jikin suna rayuwa, girma da rabawa. Gilashi suna da tsintarwa sosai, amma sunadaran sun kasance, ta hanyar da aka tattara ruwan inganci kuma an kafa wasu matakan turra.

Har ila yau, tsarin kayan kyamarar irin wannan nau'in yana nuna nau'o'in nau'i na kwayoyin halitta. A kan wannan dalili, yana da al'adar rarrabe nau'in collenchyma guda uku.

1. A farantin. Ganuwar tantanin halitta yana da tsalle sosai, sun shirya kusa da juna, a layi daya zuwa ga tushe. An fitar da shi cikin siffar (misali na shuka dauke da wannan nau'in nama shine sunflower).
2. Angled collenchyma - harsashi thickened unevenly, a cikin sasanninta, kuma a tsakiyar. Suna yin rudani tare da wadannan sassa, suna samar da kananan wurare (buckwheat, kabewa, zobo).
3. Friable - da sunan yayi magana don kansa. Ganuwar ganuwar jiki ta karu, amma haɗin suna tare da manyan wurare na tsakiya. Sau da yawa yana aiki ne na photosynthetic (krasavka, uwar-da-uwar rana).

Har ila yau, ya kamata a nuna cewa collenchyma shine nauyin samari ne kawai, tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire da tsirrai. Babban wurare na wuri a cikin jiki na shuka su ne petioles da kuma manyan veins, a cikin tushe a kan tarnaƙi a cikin wani nau'i na cylinder. Wannan nau'in kayan aikin ya ƙunshi kawai rayayyen, sel neodrevesnevshie wadanda ba sa tsangwama tare da ci gaban shuke-shuke da gabobinsu.

Ayyukan ayyuka

Baya ga photosynthesizing, za mu iya kira aikin goyon baya a matsayin babban. Duk da haka, ba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan, kamar yadda sclerenchyma. Duk da haka, ƙarfin collenchyma don rupture yayi kama da ƙarfin ƙarfe (aluminum, alal misali, da jagora).

Bugu da ƙari, ana yin amfani da nau'ikan kayan nau'ikan na irin wannan nau'in ta hanyar iya samar da ƙirar sakandare na biyu a tsoffin kwayoyin shuka.

Sclerenchyma, iri-iri

Ya bambanta da collenchyma, sassan wannan nau'in sun fi yawan labaran da aka yi, suna da karfi sosai. Rayuwa da abun ciki (ruɗa) ya mutu tare da lokaci. Sau da yawa ana yin suturar launi na sclerenchyma tare da wani abu na musamman - lignin, wanda ya kara ƙarfin su sau da yawa. Rashin ƙarfin ƙarfi na sclerenchyma yana kama da sigogi na ginin ƙarfe.

Babban nau'in kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke samar da wannan nau'in sune:

• Firaye;
• Scleraids;
• Sannun da suke cikin sifofin kwaikwayo, xylem da phloem suna da filaye da itace (libris).

Ana sanya nau'i-nau'i kuma an nuna su tare da mai karfi da kuma lalata gilashi, akwai ƙananan nau'in. Gano a wuraren da ci gaban shuka ya fara: interstices, tushe, tsakiya tushen, petioles.

Bast kuma itace zaruruwa ne na bayar da muhimmanci kamar rakiyar conductive kyallen takarda a kusa da su.

Sakamakon tsarin tsarin injuna na sclerenchyma shine dukkan kwayoyin jikinsu sun mutu, tare da samfurori da aka kafa. Tare suna ba da juriya ga tsire-tsire. Sclerenchyma an kafa ne daga mafitacin farko, cambium da procambium. Dama a cikin Trunks (mai tushe), petioles, Tushen, pedicels, peduncle, pedicels da ganye.

Matsayi a cikin shuka

Ayyukan kayan aikin injiniya na sclerenchyma an bayyane - samar da tsari, mai karfi wanda ke da ƙarfin ƙarfin, da karfi, da kuma ƙarfin da za a iya tsayayya da tasiri mai tsauri da kuma rikicewa daga launi (a cikin bishiyoyi) da bala'o'i (a kowane tsire-tsire).

Ayyukan photosynthesis na kwayoyin sclerenchyma ba a gane su ba saboda mutuwar abubuwan da suke ciki.

Sclereids

Wadannan abubuwa na tsarin kayan inji sun samo ne daga jikin kwayoyin halitta ta jiki ta hanyar fatalwar kwayar mutuwa, sclerosis (lignification) na bala'i da kuma raguwa. Irin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sunyi hanyoyi biyu:

• Daga mafita;
• Daga parenchyma.

Tabbatar da ƙarfin da rigidity na scleraids na iya kasancewa, yana nuna matsayin wurin da suka kasance a cikin tsire-tsire. Daga cikinsu akwai harsashi na kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itace.

A cikin tsari, wadannan sifofi zasu iya zama daban. Don haka, sun bambanta:

• Ƙananan kwayoyin sifa (brachklereids);
• Hanyar;
• Karfi elongated - fibrous;
• Osteoscleride - a siffar kama mutum nabia.

Sau da yawa irin waɗannan sifofin suna samuwa har ma a cikin 'ya'yan itace, wanda ke kare su daga cin tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Scleroids iri daban-daban suna da siffofin kayan aikin injuna, taimaka musu su yi ayyuka na goyan baya.

Muhimmanci ga shuke-shuke

Halin irin waɗannan kwayoyin ba kawai a cikin ayyukan karfafawa ba. Har ila yau, scleraids taimakawa tsire-tsire:

• Kare tsaba daga canjin canji;
• Kada ka bari 'ya'yan itace su shawo kan kwayoyin da fungi, kazalika da naman dabba;
• Formar cikakken barga na inji frame a hade tare da wasu na injuna kyallen takarda.

Kasancewar takarda a cikin tsire-tsire daban-daban

Rarraba wadannan nau'in takalma ba iri ɗaya ba ne ga wakilai daban-daban na flora. Alal misali, kalla sclerenchyma dauke da ƙananan ruwa shuke-shuke - algae. Bayan haka, a gare su, aikin ruwa yana taka leda, matsa lamba.

Har ila yau, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, duk wakilan mazaunin mazaunin wuri, ba su da yawa kuma sun adana a lignin. Amma mazaunan mummunar yanayi da kayan aikin injuna sun sami iyakar. Ana nuna wannan a cikin labarun muhalli - sclerophytes.

Collenchyma ya kasance mafi halayyar 'yan wakilan' yan kwaminis na shekara guda. Sclerenchyma, a gefe guda, yawanci an kafa shi ne a cikin ƙwayoyin ciyawa guda ɗaya, da bishiyoyi da itatuwa.