Sulfur mahadi. Degree na sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka a mahadi. Sulfur mahadi dabara

chalcogen subgroup hada sulfur, - wani bz'yu abin da yake iya kafa wani babban yawan tama adibas. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides wasu sulfur mahadi sosai tartsatsi, da kuma muhimmanci masana'antu yanayi. Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, za mu dubi abin da suka kasance, da cewa wakiltar wani sulfur da kanta, ta wani sauki al'amarin.

Sulfur kuma ta faye hali

Wannan kashi yana da wadannan matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

1. The shida kungiyar, babban kungiyar.
2. A bisa uku kananan lokaci.
3. Atomic taro - 32,064.
4. Lambar siriyal - 16, protons da electrons kazalika 16 neutrons.
5. Yana nufin da abubuwa, ba-karafa.
6. A dabarbari karanta kamar "es", sunan da kashi sulfur, Latin sulfur.

A yanayi, akwai hudu barga isotopes da taro lambobin 32,33,34 da kuma 36. Wannan kashi na shida fi na kowa a cikin yanayi. Yana nufin da biogenic abubuwa, kamar yadda wani ɓangare na da muhimmanci kwayoyin sunadaran kwayoyin.

A lantarki tsarin da zarra

Sulfur mahadi saboda wani iri-iri fasali na lantarki tsarin da zarra. An bayyana ta da wadannan dabara sanyi: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

The sama domin nuna wani kwari jihar na kashi. Amma mu sani cewa idan zarra don samar da ƙarin iko, yana yiwuwa ya ware watse electrons a 3p da 3s-sublayer, bi da wani miƙa mulki ga 3d, wanda ya zauna free. A sakamakon haka, ba kawai ya musanya valence na zarra, amma kuma duk da yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi. Da lambar da aka muhimmanci ƙãra kazalika da dama daban-daban abubuwa da sulfur.

Degree na sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka a mahadi

Akwai da dama na asali zabin wannan nuna alama. Sulfur ne:

• -2.
• +2.
• 4;
• 6.

Daga cikin wadannan, mafi rare S ^+2, sauran suna warwatse ko'ina. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na sulfur mahadi a dogara da reactivity da oxidizing ikon duk abubuwa. Alal misali, mahadi da -2 - shi sulfides. Sun dauke mana wani hali kashi na oxidizing wakili.

A mafi girma da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a fili, da mafi pronounced za oxidizing ikon abu. Wannan ne sauƙi gani, idan mun tuna da biyu na asali acid wanda ya samar da sulfur:

• H ₂ SO ₃ - sulfurous.
• H ₂ SO ₄ - sulfuric acid.

An sani cewa karshen ne yafi barga, karfi fili da ciwon wani babban taro na ƙwarai da gaske ikon oxidize.

sauki abu

Kamar yadda sauki abu sulfur ne rawaya kyau lu'ulu'u lebur elongated daidai. Ko da yake wannan ne kawai daya daga cikin misalansa, saboda akwai biyu main allotropic gyare-gyare na wannan abu. Da farko, monoclinic ko orthorhombic - wannan shi ne wani rawaya crystalline abu, ba mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma kawai a cikin kwayoyin kaushi. Halin fragility da kyau siffar tsarin wakilci a cikin nau'i na wani kambi. Narkewa batu - game da 110 ⁰ C.

Idan ba ka tsallake matsakaici aya ta gasa irin wannan canji, yana yiwuwa ya dace gane wani jihar - roba sulfur. Yana da wani rubbery danko sosai ruwan kasa bayani, wanda a kan kara dumama ko quenching sake wuce a cikin rhombic form.

Idan muka magana game da chemically m sulfur, samu da mahara filtrations, shi ne mai haske rawaya lu'ulu'u kananan, m kuma gaba daya insoluble a ruwa. M Ignite a kan lamba tare da danshi da kuma na yanayi oxygen. Sãɓã wa jũna a isasshe high sinadaran aiki.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

A yanayi, akwai na halitta ajiya daga wanda sulfur mahadi ake cirewa kanta a matsayin mai sauki abu. Bugu da kari, shi ya ƙunshi:

• a cikin ma'adanai, ores da duwatsu,
• a dabbobi, tsirrai da mutane, a matsayin wani ɓangare na da yawa kwayoyin kwayoyin.
• a cikin halitta gas, da man fetur da kuma ci.
• a man shale da na halitta ruwaye.

Za ka iya suna 'yan na arziki sulfur ma'adanai:

• cinnabar.
• pyrite.
• sphalerite.
• stibnite.
• galena da sauransu.

Mafi yawa daga cikin sulfur samar a yau ke da sulphate samar. Wani sashi da ake amfani da likita dalilai, aikin gona, da masana'antu sunadarai masana'antu tafiyar matakai.

jiki Properties

Suna iya bayyana a 'yan sakin.

1. The ruwa ne insoluble a carbon disulfide, turpentine, ko - da narkar.
2. Tsawo gogayya accumulates korau cajin.
3. Narkewa batu na 110 ⁰ C.
4. Tafasar batu na 190 ⁰ C.
5. Bayan kai 300 ⁰ C wuce a cikin ruwa-gudãna.
6. A m abu ne iya kai-Ignite flammable Properties ne sosai kyau.
7. By kanta tana kusan babu wani wari, amma hydrogen sulfur mahadi emit a pungent wari na banza qwai. Kazalika da wasu wakilan gaseous binary.

The jiki Properties na dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya aka san su mutane ne tun fil azal. Yana da su combustibility na sulfur da kuma samu da sunan. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe amfani asphyxiating kuma m tururi da aka generated a lokacin konewa na fili, a matsayin makami da abokan gaba. Bugu da kari, acid tare da sulfur ma ko da yaushe yana masana'antu muhimmancin.

sinadaran Properties

Subject: "Sulfur da mahadi" ba ya dauki darasi a cikin makaranta sunadarai ba shakka, amma da dama. Bayan duk, da yawa daga cikinsu. Wannan shi ne saboda da sinadaran aiki na abu. Yana iya zama duka oxidizing Properties tare da wani karfi rage jamiái (karafa, boron, da dai sauransu), da kuma maido da mafi maras karafa.

Duk da haka, ko da yake wannan aiki ne kawai tare da sunadarin flourine hulda fitowa a karkashin talakawa yanayi. Domin kowa, kana so don zafi. da dama Categories kayan iya sanya, wanda yake iya maida martani tare da sulfur:

• karafa,
• ba-karafa.
• alkalis.
• karfi oxidizing acid - sulfuric, kuma nitric.

Sulfur mahadi: jinsunan

Iri-iri da darajar za a iya bayyana da daban-daban digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka tushe memba - sulfur. Saboda haka, 'yan asali iri abubuwa za a iya gano a kan tushen da:

• fili tare da hadawan abu da iskar shaka -2.
• 4;
• 6.

Idan muka yi la'akari da azuzuwan, kuma ba wani nuna alama na valences, wannan kashi siffofin wadannan kwayoyin kamar:

• acid.
• oxides.
• hydrogen sulfur mahadi.
• gishiri.
• binary mahadi da wadanda ba karafa (carbon disulfide, chlorides).
• kwayoyin abubuwa.

Yanzu la'akari da babban ƙanananku, da kuma bayar da misalai.

Abubuwa da hadawan abu da iskar shaka -2

sulfur mahadi 2 - ne ta conformation da karafa, kazalika da:

• carbon.
• hydrogen.
• phosphorus.
• silicon.
• arsenic.
• boron.

A cikin wadannan lokuta, shi abubuwa kamar an oxidizing wakili, tun duk wadannan abubuwa mafi electropositive. La'akari da muhimmanci musamman wadanda.

1. Carbon disulphide - CS _2. A m ruwa tare da m ƙanshi ether. Ne mai guba, flammable abu da kuma yawo. Amfani da wani sauran ƙarfi, kuma domin mafi iri mai, fats, ba-karafa, da azurfa nitrate, resins da rubbers. Shi ne kuma wani muhimmin bangare a samar da wucin gadi siliki - viscose. A masana'antu ne hada a manyan yawa.
2. Hydrogen sulphide ko hydrogen sulphide - H ₂ S. The gas, da ciwon babu launi da kuma dadi da dandano. Wari da karfi, sosai m, reminiscent na banza kwai. Guba, depresses numfashi cibiyar ta cudanya da jan karfe ions. Saboda haka, idan ya zo guba shaƙa da kuma mutuwa. Yadu a yi amfani magani, Organic kira, samar da sulfuric acid, kuma kamar yadda energetically m raw kayan.
3. karfe sulfides suna yadu amfani da magani, a sulfuric acid samar, da samun Paint masana'antu phosphors, da kuma sauran wurare. Janar dabara - Ni _x S _y.

Mahadi da ciwon wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na +4

Sulfur mahadi 4 - shi ne zai fi dacewa da wani oxide da m salts da kuma acid. Dukan su ne quite na kowa mahadi da ciwon musamman darajar a cikin masana'antar. Su iya yi aiki a matsayin oxidants, amma mafi nuna rage Properties.

Formula sulfur mahadi a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +4 wadannan:

• oxide - sulfur dioxide SO _2;
• acid - sulfurous H ₂ SO _3;
• salts da janar dabara Ni _x (SO _{3) y.}

Daya daga cikin na kowa ne sulfur dioxide, ko anhydride. Yana da wani colorless abu da ciwon wani wari na ƙona ashana. A babban gungu kafa a lokacin da shigowa da volcanoes, ta a wannan lokaci shi ne sauki gane da wari.

Yana narkewa a cikin ruwa tare da samuwar sauƙi saki acid - sulfur. Yana behaves kamar yadda wani hali acid oxide siffofin salts, da suka hada da wani sulfite ion SO ₃ ^2-. Wannan anhydride - primary gas, wanda rinjayar da muhalli yanayi gurbatawa. Wannan shi rinjayar da samuwar acid ruwan sama. Industrially amfani da sulfuric acid yi.

Mahadi a wadda sulfur a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +6

Wadannan sun hada da farko sulfuric anhydride da sulfuric acid tare da salts:

• sulfates.
• hydrogen sulfate.

Tun da sulfur zarra a cikinta shi ne a cikin mafi girman hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, kuma da kaddarorin wadannan mahadi ne quite explainable. Su ne karfi oxidants.

Sulfur oxide (VI) - sulfur trioxide - wakiltar wani colorless maras tabbas ruwa. A halayyar alama - iko desiccant ikon. Outdoors smokes. Lokacin da narkewa a cikin ruwa shi na samar da daya daga cikin karfi ma'adinai acid - sulfuric. A mayar da hankali bayani shi ne nauyi da dan kadan yellowish m ruwa. Idan anhydride an narkar da a sulfuric acid, za mu sami musamman fili kira oleum. Ana amfani da a masana'antu don samar da acid.

Daga cikin salts - sulphate - yana da muhimmanci sosai mahadi kamar:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2h ₂ Ya;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• da salts.
• gubar sulfate da sauransu.

Suna amfani da shiri, sinadaran kira, magani, da yi na Tantancewar kida da tabarau da kuma ko da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci.

Hydrogensulfates ana amfani da ko'ina a metallurgy, inda amfani da wani juyi. Kuma suka taimake fassara da yawa daga cikin hadaddun oxides cikin narkewa sulfate form cewa an yi amfani da dacewa masana'antu.

A binciken da na sulfur a cikin makaranta sunadarai Hakika

Yaushe ne mafi kyau shi ne assimilation na ilimi da dalibai da cewa shi ne sulfur, abin da suke da kaddarorin, wanda shi ne wani fili daga sulfur? Grade 9 - mafi kyau lokaci. Wannan ba shine farkon sosai, lokacin da yara duk sabon da kuma m. Wannan shi ne tsakiyar a cikin nazarin sunadarai, a lokacin da tushe aza a baya, za ta taimaka fahimci batun. Saboda haka, a cikin shawara na data fito da shi ne na biyu da rabi daga cikin graduating aji. A duka topic ne zuwa kashi da dama tubalan, wanda tsaye dabam darasi "Sulfur mahadi. Class 9".

Wannan shi ne saboda su manyan lambar. Har ila yau dabam dauke domin samar da sulfuric acid a cikin masana'antar. A general, wannan topic ne aka ba da wani talakawan na 3 hours.

Amma gudanar da mahadi daga sulfur aka ƙaddamar don binciken kawai a cikin 10th sa, a lokacin da al'amurran da suka shafi suna dauke kwayoyin. Har ila yau, shafi ne da kuma ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare. Lalle ne, sulfur ne wani ɓangare daga kwayoyin kwayoyin, kamar:

• thioalcohols (thiols).
• sunadaran (manyan tsarin, wanda yake da samuwar disulfide gadoji).
• thioaldehydes.
• thiophenols.
• thioesters.
• sulfonic acid.
• sulphoxides da sauransu.

Suna ware a raba rukuni na organosulfur mahadi. Su ne masu muhimmanci ba kawai a cikin nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai na rai ne, amma kuma a cikin masana'antu. Alal misali, sulfonic acid - tushen yawa kwayoyi (asfirin, sulfanilamide ko streptocid).

Bugu da ƙari kuma, sulfur mahadi irin wannan m bangaren kamar yadda wasu:

• amino acid.
• enzymes.
• bitamin.
• hormones.