Ƙarfe bond: samuwar inji. Metal Chemical Sadarwa:

All halin yanzu da aka sani da sinadaran abubuwa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur kasu siddan a cikin ƙungiyõyi biyu: karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa. Domin ya zama ba kawai abubuwa da mahadi, sunadarai iya amsa da juna, ya kamata su zama a cikin nau'i na sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wasu electrons kokarin ya dauko, da kuma sauran - to ba. Replenishing juna don haka kamar yadda ta samar da daban-daban abubuwa da kuma sinadaran kwayoyin. Amma abin da damar da su zuwa da za a gudanar tare? Me ya sa ake irin wannan al'amari na ƙarfina, don ya hallaka cewa transcends ko mafi tsanani kida? Kuma wasu, conversely, an halaka su da wata 'yar alamar tasiri. Duk wannan shi ne saboda samuwar daban-daban iri sinadaran shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a kwayoyin kafa musamman crystal raga tsarin.

Tattare da sunadarai shaidu a mahadi

Total iya bambanta hudu main iri sinadaran shaidu.

1. Covalent nonpolar. Kafa tsakanin biyu m nonmetals saboda sharing na electrons, forming kowa electron nau'i-nau'i. A ilimi, shi ne halarci unpaired valence barbashi. Misalai: halogens, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.
2. Iyakacin duniya covalent. Kafa tsakanin biyu daban-daban wadanda ba karafa ko tsakanin sosai rauni a kan kaddarorin da karfe, kuma nonmetal rauni a electronegativity. Tamkar da janar electron nau'i-nau'i da kuma ja su zuwa ta da zarra, wanda electron dangantaka a sama. Misalai: NH _{3, SiC,} P ₂ Ya ₅ da sauran.
3. Hydrogen bond. A mafi m da rauni, an kafa tsakanin sosai electronegative zarra na daya kwayoyin da sauran positive. Wannan na faruwa mafi sau da yawa a lokacin da narkar da abubuwa a cikin ruwa (barasa, ammonia da sauransu). Saboda irin wannan connection iya zama macromolecule sunadarai, nucleic acid, carbohydrates hadaddun, da sauransu.
4. Ionic bond. Kafa saboda electrostatic m sojojin raznozaryazhennyh karfe ions da kuma wadanda ba karafa. A mafi girma da bambanci a wannan index, da mafi pronounced ne ionic yanayin da hulda. Misalan mahadi: binary gishiri, hadaddun fili - Alkali.
5. Ƙarfe bond, wanda ginshikai na samuwar da kaddarorin cewa za a tattauna kara. Kafa a karafa, su gami da daban-daban iri iri.

Akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin hadin kai da sinadaran bond. Yana kawai ya ce shi ne ba zai yiwu ba su yi la'akari da kowane bond nasa tarihin. Su duka kawai naúrar alama. Bayan duk, tushen duk interactions ne guda manufa - elektronnostaticheskoe hulda. Saboda haka, ionic, ƙarfe, covalent bonding da hydrogen da guda sinadaran halitta, kuma suna kawai iyakar lokuta da juna.

Karafa da su jiki Properties

Metals ake samu a cikin Mafiya yawa dukkan sinadaran abubuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda su musamman Properties. A gagarumin ɓangare na abin da aka samu ta hanyar wani mutum da makaman nukiliya a cikin halayen da dakin gwaje-gwaje, su ne rediyoaktif tare da gajeren rabin-rai.

Duk da haka, masu rinjaye - ne na halitta abubuwa cewa, samar da dukan duwatsu da kuma ores, wani bangare ne daga cikin mafi muhimmanci mahadi. Shi ne saboda wadannan mutane sun koyi su jefa gami da samar da wani yawa na kyau kwarai da muhimmanci kayayyakin. Wannan shi ne kamar tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, da azurfa, da zinariya, Chrome, manganese, nickel, tutiya, kai da sauransu.

Domin duk karafa iya gane kowa jiki Properties wanda ya bayyana zane ƙarfe bond samuwar. Mene ne wadannan halaye?

1. Malleability da ductility. An sani cewa da yawa karafa za a iya yi birgima saukar da har zuwa batu na tsare (zinariya, aluminum). Na sauran sami waya, karfe m zanen gado, articles m maras kyau da jiki tasiri, amma sai warke daga ta ƙarshe. Wadannan su ne halaye da karafa da kuma ake kira malleability da ductility. Dalilin wannan alama - wani karfe mahada irin. A ions da electrons a crystal nunin zumunta da juna ba tare da keta, wanda damar don adana da mutuncin dukan tsarin.
2. Ƙarfe luster. Wannan kuma bayyana da ƙarfe bond, da samuwar inji na da halaye da kuma siffofin. Saboda haka, ba duk barbashi ne iya zuwa sha ko yin tunãni haske tãguwar ruwa na daidaita tsawon. Kwayoyin halitta mafi karafa da kuma yin tunãni short-kalaman haskoki zama ma uniform silvery launi, fari, kodadde bluish ya dafa. Ban ne tagulla, da zinariya, da launi ne m-rawaya da kuma ja, bi da bi. Sun iya yin tunãni a daina-zango radiation.
3. Thermal da kuma lantarki watsin. Wadannan Properties kuma bayyana crystal raga tsarin da kuma a cikin abin da ta samuwar aka gane ƙarfe irin shaidu. Saboda da "electron gas" motsi a cikin ƙarau, lantarki da kuma zafi da sauri kuma a ko'ina rarraba tsakanin dukkanin sunadaran da ions da kuma gudanar da ta hanyar da karfe.
4. The m tara jihar a karkashin al'ada yanayi. A nan, kawai togiya ne Mercury. All sauran karafa - shi ne dole karfi, m sadarwa, kazalika da su gami. Shi ne ma sakamakon da cewa, a gaban karfe karfe bond. Ginshikai na samuwar irin wannan barbashi dauri Properties gaba daya tabbatar.

Wannan asali jiki halaye ga karafa, wanda ya bayyana da kuma kayyade daidai zane ƙarfe bond samuwar. Relevant mahadi wannan hanya ne zuwa karfe sunadaran abubuwa, su gami. Wannan shi ne domin su m, kuma wani ruwa jihar.

Ƙarfe irin sinadaran bond

Mene ne ta yanayin? The abu ne cewa, irin wannan dangantaka an kafa ba ta raznozaryazhennyh ions da electrostatic janye kuma ba saboda bambanci a electronegativity da kuma samuwar free electron nau'i-nau'i. Watau ionic, ƙarfe, covalent bond da dama daban-daban yanayi da kuma rarrabe siffofin cudanya barbashi.

All karafa ne muhimmi halaye kamar:

• karamin adadin electrons a cikin matsanancin ƙarfi matakin (sai dai wasu ƙalilan, ga wanda za'a iya 6.7 da kuma 8);
• manyan atomic radius.
• low ionization makamashi.

Duk wannan na taimaka wa sauki rabuwa unpaired electrons a kan m core. A wannan yanayin, free orbitals na zarra zauna sosai. Makirci na ƙarfe bonding kawai zai nuna mahara overlapping sel daban-daban orbital kwayoyin halitta a tsakãninsu, wanda ta haifar da intracrystalline da kuma samar da wani na kowa sarari. Yana hidima electrons daga kowane zarra cewa za a fara da yardar kaina yin ɗimuwa a sassa daban daban na raga. Lokaci-lokaci, kowanne daga wanda aka a haɗe zuwa wani ion a crystal naúrar da sabobin tuba da shi zuwa zarra, sa'an nan ware sake, forming ion.

Saboda haka, ƙarfe bond - ne bond tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, ions da free electrons a total karfe crystal. A electron girgije, motsa yardar kaina a ciki da tsarin, kira a matsayin "electron gas". Yana da aka bayyana a gare su, mafi daga cikin jiki Properties na karafa da su gami.

Yadda musamman aiwatar da wani ƙarfe sinadaran bond? Misalai ne daban-daban. Bari mu duba wani yanki na lithium. Ko da ba ka yarda da shi da girman da wani fis, akwai dubban kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka bari mu kwatanta cewa kowanne daga wadannan dubban kwayoyin halitta bada valence electron a guda na kowa crystalline sarari. A daidai wannan lokaci, da sanin da lantarki tsarin da rabi, za ka iya ganin yawan wõfintattu orbitals. A da lithium ne 3 (na biyu p-orbital makamashi matakin). Uku kowanne zarra na dubbai - wannan ne na kowa sarari a cikin ƙarau, cikinsa da "lantarki gas" motsa yardar kaina.

Abu ko da yaushe karfi ƙarfe bond. Bayan duk, da electron gas ba da damar da crystal zuwa fada, amma kawai canjawa da yadudduka sa'an nan recovers. Yana glitters da wasu yawa (yawanci high), fusibility, malleability da ductility.

Ina kuma gane ƙarfe bond? Misalan abubuwa:

• karafa kamar yadda sauki Tsarin;
• duk karfe gami da juna;
• duk karafa da su gami a cikin ruwa da kuma m jihar.

Specific misalai ne kawai wani m adadin, saboda da karfe a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur, fiye da 80!

Ƙarfe bond: samuwar inji

Idan muka yi la'akari da shi a general sharuddan, babban maki mun kayyade sama. Availability na atomic orbitals da electrons sauƙi ware daga tsakiya saboda low ionization makamashi - ne babban yanayi na da samuwar irin wannan sadarwa. Saboda haka, ta bayyana cewa shi ne ya aiwatar da tsakanin wadannan barbashi:

• atoms a crystal raga.
• free electrons, wanda suke a cikin valence na karfe.
• ions a cikin crystal raga.

A sakamakon - wani ƙarfe bond. Ginshikai na samuwar kullum bayyana ta da wadannan shigarwa: Ni ^{0 -} e - ↔ Ni ^{n +.} Daga cikin zane bayyananniya, wani karfe barbashi ne ba a cikin ƙarau.

Lu'ulu'u da kansu iya daban-daban siffofi. Ya dogara da kayan da wanda muna da ake rubutu.

Nau'in na karfe lu'ulu'u

Wannan tsarin da karfe ko ta gami yana da matukar m shiryawa na barbashi. Yana bayar da ions a cikin crystal shafukan. By kansu, da raga iya zama daban-daban da lissafi siffofi a sarari.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya cubic raga - Alkali karafa.
2. Kyakkyawan m tsarin - duk alkaline, fãce barium.
3. Granetsentricheskaya cubic - aluminum, jan, tutiya, da yawa mika mulki karafa.
4. Rhombohedral tsarin - da Mercury.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

The nauyi karafa da kuma ƙananan shi ne dake a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, da wuya shi ne marufi da na sarari kungiyar na ƙarau. Lokacin da wannan karfe sinadaran bond, misalai na wanda za a iya rage ga kowane data kasance karfe ne hukunci a yi na ƙarau. Gami da wani sosai bambancin kungiyar a sarari, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna ba tukuna cikakken gane.

Communication bayani dalla-dalla: nondirectionality

Covalent da karfe bond yana da matukar furta rarrabe. Ba kamar na farko, da ƙarfe bond ba directed. Abin da ake nufi? Wato, da electron girgije ciki da crystal motsa quite da yardar kaina a cikin shi a daban-daban kwatance, kowane daga cikin electron ne iya shiga cikakken wani ion a cikin tsarin nodes. Wannan shi ne, hulda ne da za'ayi a cikin daban-daban kwatance. Saboda haka, da suka ce da cewa ƙarfe bond - maras directional.

Ginshikai na covalent bond ya shafi samuwar raba electron nau'i-nau'i, watau girgije na atoms zoba. Kuma shi ya auku tsananin a kan wani layin a haɗa su da cibiyoyin. Saboda haka, magana game da shugabanci na irin wannan connection.

saturability

Wannan halayyar nuna ikon da kwayoyin halitta wata iyaka ko Unlimited hulda da sauransu. Alal misali, covalent da karfe bond a kan wannan nuna alama sake suna hamayya da juna.

Na farko shi ne ya cika. Sunadaran da hannu a cikin samuwar su ne wani ajali yawan waje valence electrons kai tsaye da hannu a cikin samuwar fili. Fiye da cin abinci, shi ba zai zama electrons. Saboda haka, yawan shaidu kafa iyaka valence. Saboda haka jikewa saboda. Saboda wannan halayyar da mafiya yawa daga cikin mahadi shi yana da m sinadaran abun da ke ciki.

Metal da kuma hydrogen shaidu, a daya hannun, ba-saturating. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawa free electrons da orbitals a cikin ƙarau. Irin rawa da ions a cikin crystal raga sites, kowanne daga abin da zai iya zama zarra kuma wani ion sake a kowane lokaci.

Wani halayyar na ƙarfe bond - delocalization ciki electron girgije. An bayyana a cikin ikon karamin adadin electrons shared danganta da jam'i na karafa na atomic nuclei. Wannan shi ne, da yawa daga delocalized kamar yadda aka rarraba a ko'ina tsakanin dukkan raka'a na ƙarau.

Misalai, da su kafa wata bond a karafa

Ka yi la'akari da 'yan takamaiman embodiments, wanda ya nuna, yadda wani ƙarfe bond aka kafa. Misalai Wadannan abubuwa:

• tutiya.
• aluminum.
• potassium.
• Chrome.

Metal bond samuwar tsakanin tutiya atoms: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. tutiya zarra yana hudu makamashi matakan. Free orbitals dangane da lantarki tsarin, shi yana da 15 - 3 p orbitals, 4 d 5 da kuma 7 a kan 4f. Lantarki tsarin sun hada da: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3d ¹⁰ 4d 4p ^{0 0 0} 4f, kawai 30 electrons zarra. Wancan ne, biyu free valence korau barbashi ne iya motsa a cikin 15 fili da kuma wanda shagaltar orbitals. Kuma haka kowane zarra. A sakamakon - wata babbar overall sarari kunshi komai orbitals, da kuma karamin adadin electrons haxe duka tsarin tare.

A ƙarfe bond tsakanin aluminum atoms: AL ^{0 -} e - ↔ AL ^3+. Goma sha uku electrons aluminum atoms located a uku makamashi matakan, suna a fili rasa a yalwace. Lantarki tsarin: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{1 2 0} 3d. Free orbitals - 7 guda. Babu shakka, electron girgije zai zama kananan idan aka kwatanta da jimlar ciki free sarari a cikin ƙarau.

A ƙarfe bond chromium. Wannan musamman kashi na lantarki tsarin. Bayan duk, don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin da gazawar ya auku tare da electron 4s zuwa 3D orbital: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4s 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3d 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. Kawai 24 electron valence daga waxanda suke da shida. Sun je da na kowa lantarki sarari a kan samuwar sinadaran bond. Free orbitals 15, cewa shi ne har yanzu da yawa mafi girma fiye da abin da ake bukata don cika. Saboda haka, chromium - a matsayin misali wani karfe da wani daidai bond a cikin kwayoyin.

Daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki karafa da cewa amsa ko da tare da talakawa ruwa zuwa wuta, shi ne potassium. Abin da asusun ga irin kaddarorin? Sa'an nan, a mutunta mutane da yawa - ƙarfe irin bond. Electrons a cikin kashi kawai 19, amma suke located kamar yadda 4 makamashi matakan. Wannan shi ne 30 daban-daban orbitals sublevels. Lantarki tsarin: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4s 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3d 4d ^{0 0 0} 4f. Biyu kawai valence electrons da sosai low ionization makamashi. Free to zo kashe da kuma je da na kowa lantarki sarari. Orbitals don matsawa daya zarra guda 22, Ina nufin wani sosai m sarari ga "electron gas".

Kamance da kuma bambance-bambance da sauran iri shaidu

A general, da batun, an riga an tattauna a sama. Daya iya kawai generalize kuma zana a ƙarshe. Babban rarrabe daga duk sauran iri sadarwa siffofin ne da karfe lu'ulu'u ne:

• nau'i nau'i na barbashi takara a aiwatar da dauri (kwayoyin halitta, ions ko kwayoyin halitta, ions, electrons).
• daban-daban na sarari na lissafi tsarin lu'ulu'u.

Tare da hydrogen da ionic karfe hadawa satiation da undirected. Tare da covalent iyakacin duniya - karfi electrostatic janye tsakanin barbashi. Dabam, ion - irin barbashi a cikin crystalline raga da maki (ions). Tare da covalent nonpolar - kwayoyin halitta a cikin crystal shafukan.

Iri shaidu a karafa na daban-daban tara jihar

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ƙarfe da sinadaran bond, misalai na wanda aka ba a cikin labarin, an kafa a jihohin biyu na tari na karafa da su gami: m da kuma ruwa.

A tambaya shi ne: abin da irin connection zuwa karfe tururi? A: Covalent iyakacin duniya da kuma nonpolar. Kamar yadda da dukan mahadi ba a gas. Wannan ba tsage da crystal tsarin an riƙe a lokacin shafe tsawon dumama na karfe da kuma canja wurin shi daga m ga ruwa sadarwa. Duk da haka, idan ya zo don canja wurin ruwa da tururi jihar, da crystal aka halakar da kuma ƙarfe bond aka tuba zuwa covalent.