Submarine rundunar Rasha: Tarihi

Halittar farko karkashin ruwa jirgin ruwa a Rasha Empire za a iya dangana da baya zuwa 1921. Sa'an nan, da Littãfin da Bitrus I Rasha kafinta Efimom Nikonovym aka gina shi da farko submarine, wanda ya san tarihin Rasha. Karkashin ruwa jiragen ruwa na Rasha, halittar wanda aka shirya domin na gaba ƙarni, halitta mafi yawa a kan takarda, amma akwai ban. Saboda haka, 50 submarines, tsara ta Yaren mutanen Poland-Russian injiniya da aka saki daga 1879 zuwa 1881 a Rasha S. K. Dzhevetskim, wanda, duk da haka, aiki kawai daga murdede ƙarfi. A tarihin na Rasha submarine rundunar jiragen a matsayin wani bangare na sojojin ruwa na kasar ya fara daga 1906. A sa'an nan Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas II hannu da umarni a kan ta kafa. A wannan lokacin, da Rasha Empire, akwai 10 submarines.

Samar da wani submarine jiragen ruwa

A nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni. a cikin shugabanci na Rasha Empire suka fara fahimtar bukatar haifar da kansa soja submarine. Wannan ya sa da bukatar nasara ci gaban irin wannan Shipbuilding masana'antu a Turai da kuma a Amurka. Part Shipbuilding shugabannin yi imani da cewa Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa ya kamata a halitta a kudi na kasashen waje samarwa. Sashe na daga cikin tunani cewa Rasha Empire kamata a yi da kansa fasaha da kuma kamfanonin da samar da submarines.

The hukunci factor a cikin Shipbuilding management, shi ne gazawar da ma'amala ga samar da Amurka fama submarines a Rasha. Bayan da shawarar da aka sanya wa m samar da Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa.

A farko fama submarine jirgin mai caji ne ke fetur engine, aka kaddamar a 1904. Wannan jirgin ya mai hallakarwa "Dabbar", kuma aka sani da hallakarwa yawan 133. "Dabbar" da wata fa'ida a kasashen waje takwarorinsu. Yana da tonnage na 113/135 m, ɓullo zuwa gudun 9 kullin a farfajiya da kuma 4.5 raka'a a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da kake a karkashin ruwa da jirgin ruwan ya motsa a kudi na lantarki motor kuma iya yin hari kewayon up to 28 mil.

Duk da haka, shi ne tun shekarar 1906, tare da sanya hannu na sarki musamman umurnin a kan kafa musamman aji na jiragen ruwa - submarines, da kuma yanke shawarar ƙidãya su tarihi. Shipbuilding masana'antu na kasar ne sosai ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Riga ta 1917, da Rasha Navy ta submarine rundunar kunshi 73 subsea jirgin ruwa.

A ci gaba da submarine jiragen ruwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Shekaru juyin juya halin da kuma yakin basasa tilasta duk kasar Shipbuilding masana'antu ne kusan stagnate shekaru masu zuwa. Kawai a cikin 1926, shi soma wani shiri da nufin ne a kan rayar da zarar mai girma Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa. Shi ne daga wannan lokaci ya fara da maido da tsohon model, kazalika da samar da sababbi. Saboda haka, na farko shi azurta wani submarine-type "Decembrist" jirage. Shida daga wadannan jirage da aka saki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Su maye gurbin tsohon "Bars" kuma da a wancan lokaci halaye ba ya samar yi na waje model. Saboda haka, Soviet submarine iya isa gudu up to 14 kullin da kuma samun cruising iyaka da rabi zuwa uku dubu mil. Bugu da kari, suna da shida torpedo shambura da kuma iya saukar da har zuwa mutane 53. Ba kalla factor a cikin nasara ci gaban Shipbuilding a kasar, kuma an nada ga post na shugaban zane hukumar talented m B. M. Malinina.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance mai aiki hadin gwiwa a fannin Shipbuilding da Jamus. Saboda haka, to ba submarines "Decembrists" daga Jamus tsĩrar diesels. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Jamus masana sun bayar da fasaha taimako a cikin tsari na samar da wani submarine-type S. Suna da high fama yi, kuma rayayye gabatar a Soviet Navy. Bugu da kari ga manyan hijirar - har zuwa 1073 ton - submarines na aji C zai iya isa gudun 19,5 kulli da kuma yin cruising iyaka zuwa 8.200 mil. Su ma suna da shida torpedo saituna.

Special nasara na cikin gida Shipbuilding a lokacin da aka zane da kuma gina submarine irin K. Yana yana da wani m arsenal, kunsha na goma torpedo shambura kuma mafi iko radio station. Bugu da kari, da submarine K-type ya atomatik ramut tsarin nutsewa da emersion. Yana iya isa gudu daga sama zuwa 21 kullin, da kuma wani kewayon da iyo al'ajabi ko da gogaggen iri iri - to 14.040 mil.

da postwar lokaci

A ci gaba da Shipbuilding masana'antu a postwar zamani ne halin da manyan Jump a cikin fasaha kayan aiki na submarines, wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin su yi. Submarines post-yaki samar mallaki babba gudu nutsewa zurfin ya karu, a manyan yawan torpedo shambura. Bugu da kari, da ya karu tonnage na submarines da duration na m kewayawa.

Duk da haka, wata babbar matsala shi ne dizal-lantarki na'urar jiragen. A wasu kalmomin, designers ya gina guda motor duka biyu da freeboard iyo da kuma karkashin ruwa.

Duk da haka, a cikin wannan lokaci da muke fara samar yadu Oceanic submarine. Su, tare da tẽku ta kasance iri biyu data kasance submarine tasoshin. Soviet submarines sun iya a bayar a kowane batu a duniya ta teku kuma za su gudanar da leken asiri da ayyukan can.

Duk da haka, har yanzu matsalar da aka warware tare da ikon rawar daji cikin jirgin ruwan a high gudu, kazalika da bukatar m ascents to cajin baturi da kuma sarrafa iska wadata. Duk da wannan, bayan da yaki, Tarayyar Soviet da musamman amfani a kan wasu masu iko, ciki har da wadanda na Amurka, da inganci da adadin generated karkashin ruwa tasoshin. Saboda haka, magabaci da aka samu a cikin irin wannan muhimmanci halaye kamar gudun, nutsewa zurfi, kwarewa da kuma matukan jirgin jimiri.

Tun da na biyu da rabi daga cikin 50s. kasar fara wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban submarine Shipbuilding. Yanzu babban burin na Shipbuilding masana'antu ne da halittar kuma da ci gaban teku-faruwa nukiliya makami mai linzami submarines. Wadannan jiragen sun kasance, daga ko ina a duniya ta teku, dalili nukiliya makami mai linzami hari a kan yana kokarin muhimmanci maƙiyi matsayi. Su ma sanye take da wajen kariya torpedo.

Wani irin submarine ne multipurpose jirgin ruwa da aka halitta domin yin bincike da kuma masu gadi da ayyukan, kazalika da magance nukiliya submarine, don gudanar da wani halakar maƙiyi jiragen ruwa da sufuri tasoshin.

Halittar nukiliya-powered submarines

Halittar wani nukiliya submarine a shekarar 1958 ya bude wani sabon milestone a cikin ci gaban submarine Shipbuilding. Saboda nukiliya Shipbuilding matsala game da rashin iyawa na karkashin ruwa jirgin ruwa a karkashin ruwa mai yawa lokacin da aka halin warware. Bugu da kari, ci gaban nukiliya submarines sun yarda to muhimmanci ƙara gudun nasu ci gaba kamar yadda wani a kan ruwa da kuma karkashin ruwa.

Maye gurbin motor karfi daga jirgin ya kasance Brewing na wani dogon lokaci. Submarines sami ikon gudanar da yawa karkashin ruwa ruwa saboda ta low ikon lantarki Motors, duk da cewa suna kullum inganta. A fetur injuna ba mafi tasiri a cikin aikin. Kuma baicin, da bukatar m ascents aka sa ma akai bukatar replenish iska wadata.

Da farko nukiliya submarine jirgin halitta da Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1958, shi ne K3 "Leninsky Komsomol". Bookmark jirgin ruwa da aka sanya a cikin shekara ta 1955. Yana da wani babban yawan lahani. Mutane da yawa daga cikin aka gyara na da zane da aka yi musamman ga mata. Saboda haka, misali ya ba aka yi amfani da submarine ƙwanso, amma sai aka tsara don haka da cewa zai kara ta navigable siffofin da shi. A ra'ayi na wannan, kazalika, ba shakka, da makaman nukiliya reactor, don gwada jirgin ruwan ya kai gudun 28 kullin. Haka kuma, wannan sakamakon ya ba da mafi kyau zai yiwu, kamar yadda jirgin ruwan albarkatun da aka yi amfani da ba a cike iya aiki. Na rasa ta, kamar yadda aka gani a baya, da kuma lahani, da kuma unreasoned fasali. Saboda haka, da submarine da babu anka, kayayyakin dizal janareto da kuma dama da su kare kansu. Kuma baicin, ta na da iyaka maneuvering.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa musamman halitta ta shimfidu a yarda da su horar da nan gaba 'yan ƙungiya kafin ta buga da kuma juya su a cikin kwararru, don haka da cewa makaman nukiliya-powered submarine ya iya nan da nan bayan halittar cika da ayyuka. Rasha nukiliya submarine rundunar sa shi ya ci gaba da duniya jagorancin matsayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kare samun 'yancin kai a cikin 90th.

A ci gaba da masana'antu a 70-90-ies.

A marigayi 60 ta - farkon 70-ies. Mun fara samar da biyu-tsara submarines. Suna halin a high kudi na gudun, inganta live yi. Karkashin ruwa biyu ƙarni tasoshin da aka sanye take da wani electrochemical iska iska tsarin maimakon rabu amfani m sunadarai. Su ma suna da wani ingantattun lantarki da makamai.

A lokacin daga 1967 zuwa 1992 at uku shuke-shuke cikin kasar 48 nukiliya submarines aka gina. Daga 1973 zuwa 1982 Tarayyar Soviet ya samar 18 dizal-lantarki submarines, da ciwon sauti-mamaye roba mai rufi gidaje. Wannan} ir} ya ƙwarai ƙara musu reticence. Bugu da kari, domin mafi yadda ya dace a kan su na zamani da bukatunsu na cewa lokaci, dizal injuna da aka shigar.

Tun da farkon 80-ies karni na karshe, za mu fara zayyanawa da kuma inganta tsara ta uku, na karkashin ruwa tasoshin. Rarrabe da su main siffofin ne mafi nagartaccen makamai da kuma muhimmanci karu da tonnage da jirgin ruwa. Bugu da kari, aikin da aka za'ayi, da kuma inganta stealth submarines, da kuma inganta su ganewa na abokan gaba. The gudun irin wannan jirage iya zama har zuwa 35 kullin. Inganta rai yanayi da kuma matukan jirgin. Har ila yau submarines aka sanye take da ceto da bẽnãye, wanda a yarda a yanayin saukan gaggawa don cim ma jimlar fitarwa na ƙungiya daga jirgin, dake a cikin karkashin ruwa a jihar.

Yana da daraja abin lura submarine Project 941 "Akula", wanda shi ne mafi girma submarine tasoshin a duniya. Production ya fara a 1981, da kuma ta farkon '90s da lambar da aka 6 guda. Dalili na da makamansu sun da 20 mafi girma na irin m-man fetur makamai masu linzami. Bugu da kari, wadannan submarines aka sanye take da karfi Multi-matakin gidaje.

huɗu-tsara submarine, ɓullo tun lokacin da marigayi 70-ies., a 90th. ba da raya saboda da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kudi rikicin na 1998. Rikicin yi, duk da haka su tsarin yana da muhimmanci abũbuwan amfãni, wanda suka bayyana a cikin zurfin nutsewa (har zuwa mita 400) da kuma low amo aiki.

Modern Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa

Rasha submarine rundunar motoci a halin yanzu kunshi 76 submarines daban-daban da kuma dalilai. A fannin su aikace-aikace kamar yadda wani ɓangare na lalata karkashin ruwa hari da jiragen ruwa da kuma halakar da ƙasa yana kokarin da muhimmanci da maki na abokan gaba. Wannan ya hada da dizal submarines, da kuma makaman nukiliya multipurpose submarines, kuma ballistic harsashi submarine, da kuma submarine manufa ta musamman.

Dalili daga wanda memba na Rasha submarine rundunar motoci, yin jirage da aka gina a lokacin Soviet zamanin. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa, bayan da wuya lokaci a kasar har sai farkon 2000s ya fara farfado da Rasha nukiliya submarine jiragen ruwa.

Makami mai linzami Cruisers na dabarun nufi

A gagarumin rabo daga soja ikon, wanda wakiltar Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa, har da makaman nukiliya submarines 667BDRM aikin "Dabbar". A sabis da kasar a halin yanzu yana da shida irin wannan tasoshin. Dukan su kasance a cikin Arewacin jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, masu nauyi barazana ga makiya jiragen ne 667BDR aikin "Kalmar". Abin baƙin ciki, a yanzu da Rasha arsenal, akwai kawai uku irin submarines, mafi yawan 'yan of wadda aka saki a ruwa a shekara ta 1982. Wadannan submarines aka tura a cikin Pacific latitudes.

Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa a shekarar 2014 da kuma alfahari da kasancewar a cikin tsarinta, akalla partially located in ajiye, makaman nukiliya submarines na ayyukan 941 da 941UM "Shark." Alal misali, a cikin Arewacin jiragen ruwa yana da TC-208 jirgin ruwa na soja "Dmitry Donskoy".

Multipurpose nukiliya submarines

A abun da ke ciki na Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa kuma ya hada sosai fama-m Multi-manufa nukiliya submarines. "Pike-B" mai haske da wakilainsu su submarines na Project 971. Su aiki ne ya hallaka submarines, surface jirãge, kuma ƙasa hari. A makamai kunshi su torpedoes da cruise makamai masu linzami. Shin, waɗannan submarines a Arewa jiragen ruwa (6 guda) da kuma Pacific (5 guda).

Muhimmanci ikon multipurpose nukiliya submarines na Rasha Federation sa up da submarine aikin 949F "Antey". A lokacin da suka rarraba tsakanin Arewa da kuma Pacific fleets. Adadin su ya kai 8 guda.

Don duba wadannan jirage gaskiya takaici, sunk a 2000 submarine K-141 "Kursk". Da shi shi ne babbar bala'i na submarine jiragen ruwa, wanda ya san da sabuwar Rasha tarihi. Rasha submarine rundunar motoci, sa'a, a yanzu mataki ne mai yawa fiye da robust jihar fiye da a farkon 2000s. Wannan na tabbatar da cewa kurakurai da bala'in na baya ba za a maimaita.

Northern rundunar motoci, a cikin wasu abubuwa, yana da submarines Project 945 "Barracuda" da kuma 945F "Condor", complementing da soja ikon, wanda shine Rasha Navy. 2014 gan kaddamar da zamani K-560 "Severodvinsk". Wannan jirgin ruwan aikin 885 "Yasen" ya zama m nasarori na cikin gida da Shipbuilding. Kamar yadda tsare-tsaren na kasar shugabanci a shekarar 2020 da wadannan jirage da aka shirya ya nuna 8 guda.

Non-nukiliya submarines

The most da yawan views da wani dizal-lantarki submarines na Project 877 submarines ne "Halibut". Waɗancan sunã a cikin sabis da Arewa, Pacific da kuma Black Sea fleets. Akwai da dama iri na wannan aikin. Har ila yau, Black Sea rundunar submarines shirya cika aikin 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" kunshi 5 guda.

A baya can, akwai gagarumin shirinsa na gabatarwar da fama tsarin zane jiragen 677 "Lada". Duk da haka, gwaje-gwaje sun nuna manyan gibba a submarine zane, don haka da cewa kwararru da yin gagarumin canje-canje.

Sauran iri submarines

Karkashin ruwa Amurka Navy da kuma Rasha, kamar yadda muka sani, shi ne wani fili daga cikin mafi iko submarines a duniya. Duk da haka, a} asashen biyu, da yawa da hankali ne ya biya zuwa zane da kuma halittar musamman karkashin ruwa kayan aiki. Saboda haka, sabon Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa yana da ceto submersibles Project 1855 "Prize". An sani cewa kawai Arewa rundunar hada goma submersibles daban-daban kwatance, wanda ake bi a matsayin ceto kayan aiki da kuma gudanar da bincike.

Daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun na irin wannan na'urorin za a iya ambata jirgin ruwan AS-12 "Losharik" m kai babba zurfin har zuwa dama kilomita. Saboda haka, wannan na'urar a 2012 ya yi bincike aikin a cikin Arctic a zurfin 2 kilomita.

Al'amurra na ci gaba da masana'antu

Duk da raguwar na kasar a cikin '90s, mafi karfi da ta shafi cikin karkashin ruwa Shipbuilding, zamu iya cewa da farkon 2000s. A halin da ake ciki ya fara canza hankali. Bugu da kari, akwai wani popularization na submarine jiragen ruwa, bikin tunawa kwanakin. Saboda haka, a cikin 2006, ya juya shekaru 100 da haihuwa Rasha submarine jiragen ruwa, bayan wanda a birane da yawa da aka gudanar bikin da kuma bude a Ufa submariners Monument. Bugu da kari, kasar a shekara murna Rasha submarine a ranar 19 ga watan Maris. A tarihin na Rasha rundunar popularized da kuma zama da jama'a. Zama mai nutsa janyo hankalin masu yawa dalibai.

Duk da haka, ci gaban masana'antu a matsayin dukan kamata da farko za a dogara ne a kan zane da kuma halittar sabon iri submarines. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2020 an shirya don ƙirƙirar zuwa dama dama sabon submarines. An shirya ya tsara wani updated version of Project 677 "Lada" tare da yin amfani da zamani ikon shuka. Yana zai zama haka wani gagarumin mataki a cikin ci gaban da ba makaman nukiliya submarine Shipbuilding.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa, Legacy da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin nau'i na haihuwa submarines hankali rubuta kashe da kuma maye gurbinsu da sabo-sabo kayayyaki. Saboda haka, a cikin Rasha sojojin ruwa submarine gidan kayan gargajiya aikin da aka redesigned submarine B-396 CDB ME "Rubin". Ta na daga cikin Rasha Arewa jiragen ruwa da kuma bauta har 2000.