Su wane ne populists da kuma abin da aikinsu?

A akidar da Populists, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Rasha Empire a 1860-1910-ies, miƙe domin miƙa mulki na al'umma zuwa "gaskiya" mike daga feudalism zuwa gurguzanci, capitalism tsalle. A ra'ayin da aka samarwa da kuma ci gaba da Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. Mun yi yaƙi da Marxists. Sun bayar da hujjar cewa kunno kai a Rasha tsarin iya zama wani jari hujja.

Da gaske aiki populists - shi ne wani nau'i ne na gada a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi daga nobility (ko Decembrists) mataki da akidar Karl Marx (ie, proletarian). Duk da haka, talakawa ba mai saukin kamuwa da farfaganda na juyin juya halin. Kuma gwamnatin danniya quelled wannan shirin. Duk da haka, shi ya bar wani haske sawu cewa tunawa da tarihi na Rasha. Su wane ne populists da kuma abin da suka kasance shahara? Mun yi magana game da wannan a cikin daki-daki, a cikin labarin.

Samun mutane ta gaskiya

Wanda ake da populists a cikin karni na 19th? Wannan kawo dukkan, commoners, wanda aka neman su wuri a cikin al'umma. Suna shan azaba da tunani cewa sun dade da aka saki aurensu, daga mutanensa, da hikima, da gaskiya kuma. Ce cewa manoma abi'a nesa da nasu. Kawai su ne jahilci, rayuwa a cikin talauci, wahala daga rashin adalci. Kuma muna bukatar samun kusa da su, ya bude idanunsu kuma zuwa koya a kan hanya madaidaiciya. A wannan - da wajibi na masana ga mutane. Wajibi ne a daidaitãwa duk zamantakewa strata kuma daga kowane dauki mafi kyau.

Har ila yau, Outlook karshen-rana kare aiki mutane akan imani da cewa Rasha - wata kasa ainihi. A peculiarity na tattalin arziki a kasar - da kasa samarwa. Domin shi yana da wani musamman, daban-daban daga wasu kasashe, da hanyar raya kasa. Populists nema ya ci gaba da kansa tattalin arziki model, wanda zai dace da biyu da industrialists da talakawa manoma. Herzen, misali, rubuta game da zalla "Rasha gurguzanci". Wannan shi ne alama don aiki.

The asalin rukunan

Masana kimiyya jaddada Multi-faceted tarihi ya Rasha. Kuma daga mutane da yawa da sauran siyasa na musamman sha'awa ne tambaya na ke da populists da abin da ke cikin ƙasa da cewa ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wannan sabon abu. Me m da farko duba, manufofin ci karo da wani bango da rashin fahimta?

Rasha a cikin wadanda shekaru - agrarian, baya. Tsarin jari-hujja ne underdeveloped. baƙauye rayuwa sarrafa ƙasar ƙungiya. Its memba ma'aikata mallaki wani na kowa mãkirci na ƙasar. Society tabbatar da su al'ada aikin da rayuwar iyali, tabbatar da adalci ga duk, don kare 'yan kyauyen daga zalunci na manyan gonaki, jami'ai.

Yana da aka daga baya, lokacin da na kauye fara zaman stratification, da al'umma ta zama birki a kan ci gaban da gonaki. A halin yanzu, da ta kasance abin koyi naúrar na Rasha al'umma da kuma da haukan Rasha mutane da musamman wuri. Domin wannan, kuma Muka kãma waɗanda suka ciyar da motsi na da Populists.

Herzen - da riga na populism - duba da baƙin ciki a Turai ƙare tare da juyin juya halin na 1848-1849. Ya rasa addini a gurguzanci Turai. Kwatanta kasar da kuma yammacin, ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa gurguzanci a Rasha dole ne da farko ka riƙe. Kuma yana da ba haka ba wuya. Bayan duk, da al'umma a kauyen - shirye cell gurguzu al'umma. Wannan shi ne babban jigon da amsar wannan tambaya: wanda sune populists?

Daidaitan ko adalci?

Lalle ne waɗanda suka zo da kariya da hakkin daga cikin disadvantaged, da'awar da kafuwar nan gaba al'umma adalci. Kuma shi ne ma m. A bisa ga al'ada, dukan Rasha al'ada dogara ne a kan shi. "Kada na bukaci daidaito da adalci!" - ce Alyosha Karamazov a Dostoevsky ta labari. Wannan batu ne kullum a wani musamman embodiment, sauti a cikin adabi da kuma latsa lokacin 1860-1910 shekaru. A nan, wani haske na wanda da populists a tarihi, da yawa daban-daban daga cikin sauran juyin juya halin Musulunci shiryayye kungiyoyin. Saboda haka, Marxists sa da girmamawa a kan samun daidaito tsakanin mutane. Kuma shi ba hadu da bukatun na Rasha mutane. Bayan duk, da Marxists aka nĩsantarwa daga hakikanin Rasha al'adu. Ba mu ji da shi warai.

Wayarwa da manoma

Don mafi alhẽri fahimta wanda da populists, shi wajibi ne don tunawa Herzen tare da "Rasha gurguzanci." Ya kusantar da hankali ga manoma. Bayan wani m zamantakewa tushe! Saboda burin - don kawar da ranar gonaki da su saki mutanen kauyen da suke yi na mãkirci. (Ba tare da ramuwa) shiga gwamnati.

Chernyshevsky zaton al'umma na farko ya yi rawar da wani musamman nau'i na samarwa, tare da jari hujja, sa'an nan a hankali maye gurbin ta.

Daga yunkuri zuwa anarchists

Ya kamata ka ma san iri motsi ya zama bayyananne wanda da populists. Akwai uku main yayi: da juyin juya halin Musulunci ko m, m, ko furofaganda, da kuma Anarchist.

A Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a karkashin jagorancin ta ideologue P. Lavrov , sun yi zato wasu na musamman, amma ba yanayin na jari hujja ci gaba a Rasha. Na'am, sun kuma yi kira ga inganta rayuwar talakawa mutane. Amma ta wace hanya? Reformatory. Bukatunsu - don halakar da saurã daga cikin mulkin gargajiya tsarin, don kawar da manyan komai a fili na gidan haya da kuma aikata duk abin da zai yiwu to "Mũnãnan ayyuka da tsarin jari-hujja" ba a shiga cikin Rasha. Akidar Karl Marx ka'idar da suka san da kyau. Karanta kuma ko da fassara a cikin Rasha duk uku kundin "Capital". Amma ga kaina na gani, shi unacceptable.

Duk wani tsõro, tashin hankali suka ƙaryata. A manyan karfi a tarihin - da kawo dukkan. Bayan duk, ta san yadda za su yi tunanin da kafofin. Kuma manoma ne ba a shirye domin juyin juya halin. Saboda haka, dole ne mu farko shirya promoters - da kawo dukkan. Kuma bar jama'a su tafi, gaya. Amma ba su tãyar da talakawa zuwa ga zãluncin rarraba jama'a nan da nan. Yana da wani dogon Bayani aiki don kai wa 'yan kyauye zuwa farkon na juyin juya halin.

Kuma abin da kuka aikata a aikace? Bã su da wani "ka'idar kananan ayyukan ƙwarai." A general, da hanyoyin da populists - wani Al'adu haskakarka tsakanin yawan jama'a.

A cikin shakka su ne mujallu, duk wani nau'i na jama'a da ƙungiyoyi da kungiyoyi, tarurruka da kuma Zemstvo allon, watau zabe jikin gida kai gwamnati.

Musamman (as farkon a matsayin 1880-1890) populists zo tuna abin da ake kira ka'idar kananan ayyukan ƙwarai. Jaridar "Week" tabbatar da karatu cewa al'amarin na girmamawa masana - taimake yan kyauyen. Ba su shawo kan matsaloli da suka bayyana a kan abubuwa na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci. Za ka iya taimaka wa manoman musharaka a cikin ayyukan Zemstvos.

Danna kira ga malamai, Agronomists, likitoci, "Shige da kauye da kuma na sirri aiki don inganta rayuwar mutane." A mujallar "Rasha dũkiya" vigorously tattauna kauyen al'amurran da suka shafi. "Kwanta a ƙasa," da publicist kira Engelhardt, marubuci Leo Tolstoy da sauran manyan Sahaban. Suna ta zance game da halin kirki magabaci daga cikin mutane na ilimi mutane.

Mu je da sauran hanyar da

M ko neman sauyi populists, suna tattare a cikin karkashin kasa kungiyar. Suka kira kansu mabiya Chernyshevsky. Su rarrabẽwa kasance daya - da sauri da kuma m kifar da sarki da nan da nan miƙa mulki ga gurguzanci.

Bright adadi daga gare su - Lenin, ɗan'uwan Alexander Ulyanov. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya da kuma shugabannin 'yan ta'adda? Ungiya "Mutane Will". Yana Ulyanov Sr. ya da shirin na gwagwarmaya da tsarist gwamnati.

A shekara daya da juyin juya halin Musulunci populists kafa asiri cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan 80 kungiyoyin. Aƙalla ɗari biyar gwagwarmaya - a cikin cibiyar kuma a ƙasa. A general, ya tara wani rukuni na dama dubu mabiya. Volya aka sanya biyar yunkurin a kan Alexander II, ta gangara a tarihi a matsayin "liberator" da kuma "mai girma kawo canji." Bayan duk, ya soke serfdom, da kudi da kuma sauran sauye-sauye. Duk da haka, 'yan ta'adda suna farauta wuya a gare shi. A lokacin da na karshe ƙoƙari Maris 1, 1881 da sarki aka fatally rauni.

Ban sha'awa al'amari: Alexander Ulyanov sayar zinarensa, wanda ya samu domin karatu, kuma sayi tare da kudi nakiyoyi ga wani bam.

21-shekara da 'yan ta'adda da aka kama yayin da shirya kashe Alexander III da hukuncin kisa. Bayan da irin wannan ban tausayi sakamakon wani matashi Lenin ya ce: "A'a, za mu je da sauran hanyar da!"

Sa'an nan kasar da aka bi da taro kama da "troublemakers", m show gwaji, yanke hukuncin kisa. A kawai shekaru uku (daga 1881 zuwa 1884-th) dubu goma mutane da aka repressed. Saboda haka suka daina wanzuwa "Narodnaya Volya".

'Yan tawayen jini

Anarchists - da uku reshe na populism. Su ba kawai bai tunanin zuwa facin ramuka a wani jihar, amma ba a gane kowa daga gare su. P. Kropotkin da Mikhail Bakunin - Rasha ideologists na anarchism - hakikance cewa, duk ikon kashe, bautar da hali. A Rasha - mai tsaurin kai a zuciya, jini. The manoma suna shirye don juyin juya halin. Saboda haka, idan akwai for kananan - don tsara wani kasa tawaye. Kuma ya zai share wannan jiha da kuma ba zai ba da damar halittar wani sabon daya. Kowace jiha inji ta definition riga ya mũnana.

Kropotkin yi magana daga cikin manyan rawar da talakawa. Suna iya sake tsarin kasar. Daya yana da kawai ya tsayar da mulkin kai na al'ummar da kuma tarayya.

More ba za a iya jure

Abin da hanyoyin da ake amfani da populists tukuna? Fadin kasar bred taro doka da kuma Semi-doka da'irori. Kawai wasu sun kawai propagandists, yayin da wasu - yan maƙarƙashiya.

Student kulake flooded Kharkiv, Moscow da wasu birane. Mafi yawan matasa fi son kifar da daular mulkinsu da juyin juya halin. A sabon na'urar - a ƙungiyar na yankuna. Hakika, da tarayya, wanda aka gudanar da wani zabe taro.

Babban tasiri a cikin babban birnin kasar jin dadin da "Land da kuma Freedom" - asiri al'umma. Har ila yau, a St. Petersburg, da kuma kungiyar "Mutane na kisan kiyashin" a Moscow. Its mambobi ana horar da ba kõme ba sai da wani "baƙauye juyin juya halin".

mai tawakkali manyansu

Akwai ma wasu da'ira a matsayin "mai tawakkali manya." A tsawon rayuwar su ke e cewa ya yi gyãra, to ga wani karni kafin maza da laifin kaina da kakanni.

A takaice, hanya daya ko wani, amma kowa da kowa so farkar da mutane da su "gurguzu gabbai." Duk wannan ya kasance Popular, sabon, mai girma. Marubuta da kuma 'yan jarida a hankali rubuta a kan wadannan batutuwa. Artists halitta zane-zane. Saboda haka, to gaisuwa Ilya Repin ta zanen "A kama na farfagandar" da aka sani.

Amma sannu a hankali populism fara rasa su shahararsa da kuma tasiri a cikin al'umma. A mafi cewa ya riga ya tãyar da kansa da aiki aji.

Shi ne mai Utopia

Peter Struve, wani masanin tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa, a fili bayanin wanda da populists. Wannan idealization da abincinsa tattalin arzikin da kuma m daidaici. Kawai offers da aka rabu amfani da tattalin arziki tsarin, wanda aka gina a cikin dukan zamantakewa da kuma tsarin siyasa. A gaskiya ma shi ne - da akida na kawo dukkan, kuma ba mutane.

Bugu da kari, irin wannan shawarwari ya bayyana a cikin aikin noma tushen kasashen. Kuma a lokacin da miƙa mulki ga masana'antu. Fans of wadannan ra'ayoyi suna yi nufin samar da wani abin koyi na jari hujja ci gaba da kuma yawan hankali daidaita da dokoki na sabunta hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Amma shi bai yi aiki ba, saboda ba na gaskiya ba.

mai kyau alama

The abin yabo daga cikin Populists a gaskiyar cewa cikin rukunan da kuma ayyukan da sun fi mayar taimaka wajen ƙarfafa cikin al'umma - ta hanyar kawar da aji fitattun abubuwa. Su aka kafa preconditions don ƙirƙirar wani doka sarari - daya domin kowane strata al'umma.

kuma a fili tabbatar da shirme kawai na nufi za a adana karni kananan gona. Firgitar dabara, ma, bai nuna sakamakon.

New tsara tsiro sama, a shirye domin sadaukarwa a gwagwarmayar da tsohon tsarin mulki.