KudiBankuna

State Bank. Banks tare da bayyana hallara

Rasha mallakar gwamnati da bankuna da wani ban sha'awa tarihi da kuma ƙayyadaddu na aiki a kasar mu. Bari mu ga yadda dangantaka tsakanin ikon kashi da kuma bankuna.

Central Bank da Bank: Concepts na rabo

A rare kafofin watsa labarai, da sharuddan "Babban Bankin" da "State Bank" wani lokacin gano. A daya hannun, babu wani takamaiman kuskure: "CB" - State Bank, a dukansa mallakar gwamnati. A kan wasu, akwai wani daban-daban fassarar kowa kalmomi "jiha banki" - ne mai sayar lamuntawa ma'aikata, a mafi yawan abin da (50% hannun jari) mallakar jihar (yawanci a fuskar gwamnatin). Na biyu fassarar da aka saba amfani a Rasha latsa kuma aikin jarida. Modern manyan bankuna da jihar sa hannu - "VTB 24", "Savings Bank" ( "Sberbank na Rasha"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". Bi da bi, da ba-jihar ( "ciniki") zai zama bashi ma'aikata, a mafi yawan gungumen azaba mallakar masu zaman kansu mutanen (daya ko fiye).

Me ake "babban bankin" kira su da State Bank? Yafi saboda ya, kamar hukumomin gwamnati, tsaye a kan kasuwanci na rance cibiyoyin kulawa da watsi da kudi, shirya kasa kudi tsarin, in general, warware matsaloli, yafi ba riba shawara, amma dai kusa da ayyuka na jihar.

Bankin jihar da kuma wadanda ba a jihar: babban bambanci

The darajar rabo na jihar mallakar banki - kawai m hallmark. Mallakar gwamnati da bankuna da kuma kasuwanci na rance cibiyoyin daban-daban daga juna saboda wasu dalilai - sa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, yi da ayyukan. A wadannan za a iya gano. State Bank yawanci yayi rance da wani amfani kudi ƙananan fiye da na masu zaman kansu kudi cibiyoyin. Dalilin da cewa - m aiki yanayin, tabbas da gwamnatin.

Commercial kamfanoni irin wannan gata ba daya ba, kuma shi ne tilasta rama domin asarar saboda ya karu sha'awa rates. A jihar bankuna ƙananan amfani rates a kan adibas fiye da a zaman cibiyoyin, kuma wannan ma shi ne m: na farko ne gargajiya dõgara na yawan jama'ar, yayin da karshen suna tilasta su jawo hankalin aiki babban birnin kasar. Mallakar gwamnati bankuna, kamar yadda mai mulkin, sun fi m a cikin samuwar jadawalin kuɗin fito da manufofin a kan jinginar gidaje saboda rage hadarin (wanda yake shi ne sakamako da alama fifiko miƙa ta da gwamnatin).

Tarihi: The State Bank na Rasha Empire

Ana zargin mallakar gwamnati da bankuna da aka ba da alaka da gurguzu zamanin lokacin da jihar sarrafawa kome, ciki har da bashi cibiyoyin. Da banki tsarin, tare da rawar da haddasa jihar a Rasha yana da dogon tarihi. A samfur na zamani mallakar gwamnati bankuna sun zama abin da ake kira mallakar gwamnati ma'aikata (wanda ya bayyana a cikin XVIII karni). Daga cikin sanannun - "Loan Bank" (kafa a 1733), "Bank Loan" ga nobility da "Bank for kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwa" (duka bayyana a 1754-m). An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, duk uku cibiyoyin fuskanci "bad basusuka" kuma ya tafi fatara, saboda ba su iya biya basussuka.

A ƙarshen XVIII karni akwai mallakar gwamnati bankuna, shan adibas (depots et Consignations), akwai da al'adar babban birnin kasar jari a kudi na adibas. A 1786 ta kafa "Jihar ƙasar banki", inda ya fara aiki prototypes na yau jinginar gida shirye-shirye. A farko kudi canja wuri a cikin Rasha daular bayyana a farkon na XIX karni. Sun fara da "National Commercial Bank". A tsakiyar karni bashi cibiyoyin rayayye privatized, da rabo daga gwamnatin rage gaban a gare su. By farkon karni na ashirin, a kalla goma jihar bankuna zauna a Rasha, sarrafa kusa da 50 masu zaman kansu da kudi cibiyoyin, dama da ɗari monetary juna taimakon al'ummu, dubban kananan kungiyoyin. Bayan da 1917 juyin juya hali, da tsarin na bashi cibiyoyin ya halartar manyan sake fasalin kudin.

Tarihi: The jihar banki tsarin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A Bolsheviks ayyana da m kenkenewa mulki a cikin banki. Commercial lamuntawa cibiyoyin aka nationalized. Jagoranci kudi ma'aikata na kasa da aka da "na bankin al'ummar da RSFSR" da lissafi Commissariat, aikin kasashen waje cibiyoyin da aka haramta. A farko 'yan shekaru na Soviet hukumomi don Credit cibiyoyin samar da wasu' yancin kai, amma a karshen 20-ies aikinsu ya zahiri zama subspecies na kasa shiryawa. The "State Bank of Tarayyar Soviet", a cikin tsarin na jam'iyyar line motsa jiki da iko a kan a bayar da rance, yarda adibas.

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 20th a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta yi aiki quite a bit na bashi cibiyoyin. Babban sun "State Bank", "bankin gine-gine", "VTB", kazalika da tanadi banki. A cikin shekaru na perestroika, akwai wasu kudi kansu kamfanonin - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" da "Savings Bank". Yana da aka halitta da bashi ma'aikata zuwa sabis waje cinikayya ma'amaloli - "Vnesheconombank". By farkon '90s akwai dokokin da cewa halitta a banki tsarin da ke kusa da zamani hakikar.

Tarihi: mallakar gwamnati bankuna a Rasha a yau

A Law "A Banks da Banking Activity na Rasha Federation", soma bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, ya gano cewa, akwai wani "babban bankin", yana da wani "Savings Bank", kazalika da m kasuwanci kamfanoni. A karshen iya aiki a kan tushen da lasisi na Central Bank, yana da hakkin ya kafa nasu amfani rates da kuma sa kudin ma'amaloli. Yawan makarantun ya girma da leaps da haddi, da suka bayyana 'yan dari a kowace shekara. A kudi da kwanciyar hankali na wadannan "bankuna da gaggawa a" ya ba da kyau, da yawa an lalace. A mafi barga, duk da haka, sun Rasha mallakar gwamnati bankuna.

Tarihi: babban jihar banki na kasar

"Sberbank" - jihar-mallakar banki, yana dauke da manyan kamfanin a Rasha, ya positioned kanta a matsayin ma'aikata tare da wani tarihi na fiye da rabin karni: a 1841 da umurnin Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas I, akwai tanadi bankuna a Rasha. Aikinsu da aka "ciyar" daga cikin 'yan asalin jihar da aka ce musu, abin da suke da abũbuwan amfãni daga adibas. A lokacin da juyin juya halin a wadannan cibiyoyin da dama da miliyan aka bayar passbooks, akwai da dama dubu tanadi bankuna. Duk da wuya hira a farkon shekaru na gurguzu yi, ofisoshin sun taimaka tattalin arzikin kasar. Musamman a lokacin yakin duniya na II, a lokacin da 'yan asalin iya ruble don taimaka gaba, da kuma bayan - mayar da halakar tattalin arzikin.

Savings bankuna wanzu kafin yin gyare-gyare da banki tsarin a cikin marigayi '80s - shi ke idan akwai wani bashi ma'aikata da saba sunan - "Savings Bank", jihar, duk da kasuwa trends na sake fasalin takardun kudin. ATMs fara bayyana. Sun fi mayar saboda da ɓullo da a lokacin Soviet zamanin ababen more rayuwa, "Sberbank na Rasha" ya zama manyan bashi cibiyoyin kasar.

A amfani da mallakar gwamnati da bankuna ga tattalin arzikin

Socialist sau bayan mu, yanzu kasar mu ke gina jari hujja tattalin arzikin. Zai ze cewa shi ba kome wanda jihar bankuna, wanda ya mallaki wani rabo na mallaka. Akwai, duk da haka, a tsakanin masana harkokin tattalin arziki ra'ayi, shi ne ba haka ba. Gaskiyar cewa cikin bukatun da masu zaman kansu bankuna, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba ko da yaushe ne yayi daidai da kasa: a karshen nuna cewa monetary matakai ba su ma nauyin da tattalin arziki da kuma yawan zuwa sami isasshen sabis don bashin da adibas. Bankunan, bi da bi, damu game da riba, da kuma zamantakewa rawa wajen fahimtar fades cikin bango. Su ne sha'awar fanning kumbura, wanda stimulates da bukatar kudi, mafi girma amfani rates, da karuwa a cikin inflow na tabbas, babban birnin kasar a cikin bankuna. Tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokaci guda iya a tare da crises. Shi ne ba a cikin sha'awa na gwamnati da kuma ba lallai ba ne ga mafi yawan mutane. Saboda haka, domin a adana kwanciyar hankali a kasar ta na bukatar Rasha jihar bankuna. A gaban irin wannan ba ya saba wa ka'idojin kasuwar tattalin arzikin: jihar-mallakar bankunan taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin raya kasashen turai.

A korau rawar da mallakar gwamnati da bankuna ga tattalin arzikin

Akwai ra'ayi wanda har yanzu amfani da wasu cuta daga cikin ayyukan da jihar bankuna, da kasa da tattalin arziki. A 'yan shekaru da suka wuce, masana bincikar da banki tsarin da dama dozin kasashen a kan batun dangantakar dake tsakanin aikin da ke jihar bankuna da kuma kasafin kudin gaira (ie, matakin jama'a bashi). Sai ya juya daga cewa, hukumomin 'wajibai a kan waje rance ƙananan a kasashen da bashi cibiyoyin yawanci masu zaman kansu.

Inda bankuna da jihar hallara sun taka rawar da haddasa a cikin gwamnati bashi, a kan talakawan, asusu domin 45% na GDP. A kasashen da mamaye harkokin kasuwanci kudi cibiyoyin, wajibai a kan waje rance saukar 7%. A kasafin kudin gaira, duk da haka, shi ne dan kadan mafi girma a jihohi inda mamaye zaman kansa na rance cibiyoyin, amma ba sosai - game da 0.4% na GDP.

Jihar bankunan kasashen waje: da Jamusanci kwarewa

Jamus - a kasar inda jihar bankuna ne sosai daban-daban a cikin al'adar da ayyukan daga masu zaman kansu, duk da cewa na biyu da irin cibiyoyin - da rinjaye. Babban aiki danƙa ga German mallakar gwamnati da bankuna - rancen to ayyukan da suke dacewa domin dukan tattalin arzikin. A Jamus mallakar gwamnati da bankuna zai iya bayar da bashi wajen m for kasuwanci: da rates na domin na 1.5-2% annum. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kasashen waje masu zuba jari da kuma iya ƙidaya a kan wadannan yanayi, kana buƙatar kawai nuna da bashi ma'aikata da cewa aikin zai iya haifar da wani sizeable yawan jobs da za su amfana da Jamusanci tattalin arzikin.

Akwai Jamus mallakar gwamnati bankuna, kamar dai shi iya sauti dama, rance ba tare da amfani, da kuma ma wadanda cewa zai iya, a karkashin wani yanayi, ba su dawo. Duk wadannan hujjoji sun nuna cewa rarraban line tsakanin irin "jiha banki" kuma bashi ma'aikata na masu zaman kansu da ikon mallakar a ɓullo da jari hujja Jamus ne yafi pronounced fiye da a Rasha.

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