Tarayya Reserve System

Tarayya Reserve (Fed), kafa a 1913, shi ne a hankali wani sabon abu jam'iyya na jiha da kuma zaman kanta banki cibiyoyin.

A matsayin tsakiyar banki tsarin iko na banki ayyuka a cikin Amurka, an halitta da farko a matsayin mayar da martani ga wani jerin banki panics a farkon karni na 20th, musamman a cikin tsanani rikicin a 1907. A tsawon lokaci, yana kumbura matsayin da nauyi, tsarin ya samo asali. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru, musamman babban mawuyacin, su ne abubuwan da ya kai ga canje-canje a cikin ta.

Fed tarihi yana asalin a cikin kudi da kuma bashi cibiyoyin shirya tun lokacin da marigayi 18th karni da kuma yi babban bankin ayyuka. Wannan tsarin mulki zinariya misali, da farko da kuma na biyu US Bank tare da la'akari da baitul, da National Bank System, Association of share Houses, da National Reserve Association. Banking a Amurka ya ba da sauki, ko kuma wajen, unreliable. A farko da na biyu bankuna ne na aikin wakilin Amurka baitul, ƙera da kuma kula da aikin hukuma kudin. All sauran Tsarin kasance a karkashin iko da wata gwamnati, ko da wasu kamfanoni. Kowane banki bayar da kansa banknotes. Jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu cibiyoyin gasa da juna. Mutanen da suka yi tafiya a kusa da kasar, bai sani ba daidai da yadda da yawa kudi su iya samun daga duk wani banki, suna a wannan yanki. Tare da wani girma yawan, mafi girma da tattalin arziki aiki na bankuna, da kuma iri daban-daban na kudi ya zama mafi hargitsi cewa barazanar da dukan kudi tsarin.

A 1863, taro ya zartar da farko dokar a kan National Bank, National Banks samar da wani sarrafawa tsarin, yana da mafi girma matsayin for reserves da kuma kasuwanci ayyuka fiye da a jihar-mallakar bankuna. A dokar tabbatar da aikata nagartacce, bisa ga su aka ƙaddara da nawa babban birnin kasar bankuna iya jefa, da kuma yadda ya kamata su gudanar da rance. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Notes da dokar hõre wani goma bisa dari haraji, haka yadda ya kamata kawar da wadanda ba na tarayya kudin daga wurare dabam dabam.

Tarayya Reserve System, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tarayya Reserve dokar, wadda ta zo a cikin karfi a watan Disamba 1913, kuma yana da wata manufa da wasu fiye da mai da martani ga banki tsoro. Daga cikin key: don tabbatar da wani barga kudin, da kuma matsakaici da dogon lokacin da sha'awa rates, kafa tasiri iko a kan harkar banki kasuwanci a Amurka. Kalmar "tarayya" yana nufin cewa, dokar da aka yi amfani a ko'ina cikin kasar, "Reserve" ya jaddada rawar da sabon ma'aikata kamar yadda wani ajiye mariƙin. A US babban bankin, Tarayyar Reserve ya yi aikin ayyuka bisa ga dokar amince da shugaba Woodrow Wilson, ya kasance jikin da izini don en banknotes Fed da Tarayya Reserve Bank kamar yadda doka m. Wani banki, wanda yayi amfani da Kalmar "kasa" ya zama memba na Tarayya Reserve.

Fed ta tsarin hada da Board of gwamnonin da shugaban da mataimakinsa, wanda aka zabe shugaban kasar Amurka da kuma tabbatar da majalisar dattijai, ta Tarayya Open Market kwamitin, da 12 na yanki Tarayya Reserve bankuna, da yawa masu zaman kansu bankuna, da dama shawarwari allon. Haka kuma, Amurka ta Tarayya Reserve Yana hada da masu zaman kansu da kuma jama'a bangaren. Yana da aka tsara don bauta wa bukatun da jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin. A tsarin na bankunan tsakiya da aka dauke su a musamman tsarin.

Hukumar da ke sa ido na MDD cikin ayyukan da 12 Tarayya Reserve Bank, da dama kudi-bashi da kuma mabukaci shawarwari kwamitocin da kuma dubban bankuna (Fed jami'an). Yana tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin iyãkõkin reserves ga duk bankuna, a cikin wasu kalmomi, shi kayyade nawa babban birnin kasar banki iya samun "hannayensu a kan". Tarayya Reserve an dauki wani m tsakiyar banki tsarin tun da manufofin da aka kada a amince da shugaba ko wani zartarwa ko majalisu reshe. Ko da yake gwamnati ta bayar da wasu iko a kan Fed, wato ta nada da kuma kafa Hakkin domin mafi girma matakin-sanda a cikin tsarin.