Stalinist gurguzanci: babban fasali da kuma halaye

Stalinist gurguzanci kira zamantakewa da siyasar tsarin, wanda aka kafa da kuma wanzu a zamanin Iosifa Stalina mulki a karo na biyu da rabi na 1920s har 1953. A wannan lokacin, Tarayyar Soviet samu masana'antu, collectivization, da dama taguwar ruwa na ta'addanci. Gurguzanci Stalin zamanin - wani classic totalitarian jihar tare da wani umurnin tattalin arziki da kuma wani m haramta shi na'ura.

sabon tattalin arzikin

Abu na farko da dangantaka da da Stalinist gurguzanci - wannan ne m masana'antu, wadda aka gudanar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1930s. Da zarar iko, da Bolsheviks samu a kasar fatattakakkun da shekaru na yakin basasa, kuma mai tsanani tattalin arziki da rikicin. Saboda haka, domin karfafawa na jam'iyyar karkashin jagorancin Lenin na yanke shawarar in je a kan wani akida jayayya da qaddamar da NEP. Sunan da aka ba wa sabon tattalin arziki siyasa, wanda yakan haifar da wanzuwar wani free kasuwar sha'anin.

NEP maza maza ya kai ga sake gina kasar. A halin yanzu, a 1924, Lenin mutu. Ikon a wasu lokaci zama na gama. Around da kwalkwali na jam'iyyar mayar da hankali mashawarta Bolsheviks tsaye ga kungiyar na Oktoba juyin juya halin da kuma nasara a cikin yakin basasa. Stalin hankali shafe duk da fafatawa a gasa. A nuna na 1920s kuma 1930s ya kafa kawai totalitarian iko. Kullawa ta m dama domin gudanar da wata babbar jiha, babban sakataren hau kan masana'antu. Sai ya zama bisa abin da da ewa ba zai zama da aka sani da Stalinist gurguzanci.

Shekaru biyar shirin

Shirin na masana'antu kunshi dama key maki. Yana fara sha na jama'a kansu na tattalin arziki. A kasa tattalin arzikin yanzu ya rayu har zuwa shekara biyar da tsare-tsaren. Yi shela, "tattalin arzikin yanayin". Duk da albarkatun kasar da aka jefa a kan gina sabon masana'antu.

A karshe, Stalinist gurguzanci nufi da sosai masana'antu - halittar inji samarwa a masana'antu da kuma sauran sassa na tattalin arziki. Its manufarsa shine mai tashi daga saurã daga cikin agrarian tattalin arziki. A kasar ba ta da isasshen samu sandarsa, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet a duniya kadaici. Saboda haka, Politburo nemi don samar da tattalin arziki da fasaha 'yancin kai daga yamma.

Tilasta masana'antu da aka za'ayi saboda deflate kauyen albarkatun, m rance, cheap aiki, kurkuku aiki da proletarian babbar sha'awa. "Ceton Mode" nuna a kan kome da kome - masauki, abinci, Hakkin. A jihar halitta a tsarin na matsananci amfani na yawan ta iyakance ta amfani. A 1928-1935 gg. a kasar da akwai rabon abinci cards. Tilasta masana'antu Firaministan akida. Soviet ikon da aka har yanzu mafarkin na duniya juyin juya halin da kuma fatan ya dauki amfani da wani gajeren jinkiri ga sabon tattalin arziki, tare da abin da zai zama ba zai yiwu ba gwagwarmaya da imperialists. Saboda haka, shekaru na masana'antu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (1930) sa a ba kawai fitowan da wata qualitatively daban-daban tattalin arziki, amma kuma karfafa kasar ta kare.

bugu yi

A farko shekaru biyar shirin zo a 1928-1932 gg. New masana'antu wurare a wannan lokacin ya bayyana, yafi a fagen makamashi, metallurgy kuma inji aikin injiniya. Mutane daya-daya da tsare-tsaren za a shirya domin kowane bangare, da kuma wasu musamman manyan tattalin arziki yankuna (misali, Kuzbass). Model shi ne aikin Dnieper, a cikin abin da aka gina hydroelectric iko tashar da dam a kan Dnieper.

Stalinist gurguzanci bai wa kasar wani sabon ci kuma metallurgical cibiyar a cikin yankunan da adibas a Siberia da Urals. Kafin mafi yawan kamfanonin dake a Turai na Tarayyar Soviet. A farko shekaru biyar shirin canza abubuwa. Yanzu, Soviet masana'antu da aka rarraba a kan ƙasa na wata babbar kasa mafi daidaita. Transfer na kasuwanci na wajen gabas da aka shibtarsu more ta fargabar da shugabancin siyasa na yaki tare da na gama West.

A Stalin ta lokaci akwai Dalstroy-juya zinariya hakar ma'adinai a Far East (musamman a cikin Kolyma). A wannan yankin, an rayayye amfani da aiki na daga cikin fursunonin Gulag. Wadannan mutane sun gina yawa kasuwanci farko biyar. Sun kuma haƙa sanannen White Sea Canal, wanda ya koma Turai kogin daruna na Tarayyar Soviet.

Canje-canje a cikin aikin noma

Tare da samar da masana'antu collectivization - wannan shi ne abin ya shafi Stalinist gurguzanci a cikin na farko. Biyu matakai sun layi daya da kuma synchronously. Ba tare da daya babu wani sauran. Collectivization - halakar zaman kansa gonaki a kauyen da kuma kafa na kowa gama gonaki, wanda sun kasance daya daga cikin manyan haruffa da sabon gurguzu tsarin.

A farko Soviet shekaru goma, ya canjãwa, a harkokin noma na jihar kusan babu bulala. Collective gonaki wanzu tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu fists - a gaskiya, m manoma na Yammacin irin. Suna enterprising manoma suka yi tsirfar kauye da talakawan babban birnin kasar. Domin lokacin zama Stalinist gurguzanci bai iyakance ayyukan.

A shekara ta 1929, ta goma sha biyu ranar tunawa da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da sakatare-janar na jam'iyyar fito da wani sanannun labarin, "A shekarar Great Change". Yana Stalin ya sanar da fara sabuwar lokaci na ci gaban tattalin arziki a ƙauyen. A watan Disamba, ya kuma fito fili ya roki ba don takura da kulaks, kuma don a hallaka shi a matsayin aji. Nan da nan bayan wadannan kalmomi bi da ake kira "collectivization".

cannibalization

Don kammala collectivization hukumomin amfani da wata hanya mai kama da soja. A kauyen raka'a tsẽgumi gurguzun tafi. Idan overall zaman lafiya Rokon manomi bai je gona da bai bar ya mutum da tattalin arziki, da shi da aka repressed. Za'ayi da kwata na dukiya.

Fists an dauke masu amfani da a cikin gona la'ada aiki, ciniki kayayyakin, mallakar churn ko windmills. All aka "sarrafa" game da 15-20% na manoma da suke ba ya so ya shiga cikin gama kai da gonaki. Da dama daga cikinsu tare da iyalansu da aka aika zuwa aiki sansani, kurkuku da kuma gudun hijira. Irin wannan na musamman natsuwa da aka hana 'yancin] an.

"Dizzy da Success"

Shekaru da yawa daga cikin Stalinist model na gurguzanci sãɓã wa jũna m keta. Local jam'iyyar gabobin da kuma jaridar da ake kira "kadara" ku yi shakka a kuta ƙiyayya gāba da aji dan hanya zuwa ga kulaks da sauran counter-yunkuri. Middle manoma da su m makwabta, sau da yawa tsayayya danniya. Suka kashe gurguzu da kuma shirya aika collectivization gudu zuwa cikin birnin da kuma sa wuta a gama gonaki, yanke nasu shanu. A jerin m mataki shi maras wata-wata. Yana bai dauki wani tsari yanayi, kuma nan da nan gwamnatin murkushewa.

Village a cikin Soviet zamanin, azaba ba kawai Stalinist gurguzanci. Gabatarwa da ragi a lokacin yakin basasa, lokacin da m kera aka zamar masa dole ya dauki wani ɓangare na su girbi zuwa jihar, kuma buga wuya da manoma. A Bolsheviks a sau alternated matsa lamba da kuma weakening na ta matsa lamba a kan kauyen.

A cikin bazara na 1930, Stalin, da tsoron da m juriya na kulaks, rubuta wani conciliatory labarin "Dizzy tare da nasara". collectivization tempo da ɗan barci. A babba ɓangare na manoma bar gama gonaki. Duk da haka, danniya da aka koma a cikin fall. The aiki lokaci na collectivization ƙare a 1932, da kuma a 1937 na gama gonaki kunshi game da 93% na gonaki.

Draining albarkatun daga kauye

Mutane da yawa fasali na Stalinist gurguzanci sun mummuna samfurin na totalitarianism da kuma tashin hankali. Danniya kubutar da gina wani sabon al'umma da kuma tsammanin na da wani haske nan gaba. Daya daga cikin manyan alamu na gurguzu tattalin arzikin a kauyen fara MTS - inji da tarakta tashoshin. Su wanzu a 1928-1958 biennium. MTS bayar gonaki da sabon kayan aiki.

Alal misali, cibiyar na Soviet tarakta zama Stalingrad, wanda factory lokacin yakin duniya na II an redeveloped cikin wani tanki. Na gama jihar biya dabara nasu kayayyakin. Alal misali, MTS yadda ya kamata pumped daga kauyen albarkatu. A farkon shekaru biyar da Tarayyar Soviet rayayye fitar dashi hatsi a kasashen waje. Ciniki bai daina har sã'õ'in yunwa a gama gonaki. Saide daga sayar da hatsi da sauran amfanin gona, kasar jagoranci kashe a ci gaba da kara samar da masana'antu da kuma gina wani sabon soja-masana'antu hadaddun.

Nasarorin da ta janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da tattalin arzikin a lokaci guda ya jawo bala'i a fannin aikin gona. mafi yawon buxe ido Layer aka hallaka, gwani kuma aiki manoman yayin da sabon farm motsi entailed degeneration peasantry. Tsayayya da dunkulallen hannu yanke miliyan 26 dabbõbi (game da 45%). Yawan maido dauki shekaru 30. Ko da sabon aikin gona da kayan da aka ba a yarda ya kawo girbi a kalla har sai lokacin NEP. Adadin na ba a samu high quality aiki, da kuma wani karuwa a ita.

Tattara abubuwa masu kyau na jihar da kuma jam'iyyar

A cikin tsakiyar 1930s a cikin Tarayyar Soviet karshe kafa totalitarian gurguzanci. Shekaru na danniya ga manufofin sun gaba daya ya canza al'umma. Duk da haka, da koli na danniya zo kawai biyu da rabi na 1930, da kuma kare shi sun fi mayar saboda da tarzomar yaki da Jamus.

An muhimmanci alama na totalitarian gwamnatin da aka tattara abubuwa masu kyau da na jam'iyyar da gwamnati gabobin - jam'iyyar a cikakken iko da 'yan majalisu aiki da kotun, da kuma jam'iyyar kanta da aka gudanar a m damƙarSa ce, a kawai mutum daya. Total Stalin yana da dama taguwar ruwa na ciki tsarkakewa. A lokuta daban-daban, da suka mayar da hankali a kan jam'iyyar ko soja ma'aikata, amma addabi da talakawa 'yan ƙasa.

Share a cikin jam'iyyar da kuma sojojin

A danniya za'ayi da wani canji da sunan tsaro sabis (NKVD-MGB) sau da yawa. A jihar shi don sarrafa duk duniyoyin na zaman jama'a aiki da kuma rayuwa, daga wasanni da kuma al'adu da akida. Don ƙirƙirar "guda line" Stalin consistently aikatã game da duk abokan adawarsa a cikin jam'iyyar. Waɗannan su ne Bolsheviks daga cikin mazan zamani, da suka san da babban sakataren har yanzu ba bisa doka ba neman sauyi. Mutane kamar Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Lenin ta Guard") - dukkan su sun kasance wadanda ke fama da show gwaji, inda suka yi a fili furuci cin amanar da motherland.

Ganiya da danniya da jam'iyyar cadres zo a cikin 1937-1938. A lokaci guda akwai wani kawar da Red Army. ta duka umurnin tsarin da aka halaka. Stalin tsoron yaki, la'akari da su a barazana wa sirri iko. Ya sha wahala ba kawai mafi tsufa, amma kuma tsakiyar umurnin ma'aikatan. M kwararru da kwarewa na yakin basasa, sun kusan bace. Duk wannan adversely shafi sojojin, wanda kawai 'yan shekaru da sun fara manyan yaƙe-yaƙe.

Kwaro da kuma abokan da mutane

A farko show gwaji, ya yi tsawa a fadin kasar, da ya faru a cikin marigayi 1920s. Waɗannan su ne "Shakhty al'amarinsu" da kuma gwaji na "Industrial Party". A wannan lokacin, da danniya halartar fasaha da aikin injiniya da kwararru. Iosif Stalin, a zamanin mulkin abin da ya faru a cikin jerin promotional yakin, ya sosai m m clichés da kuma tasirin. A cikin biyayya suna da irin sharuddan da alamomin na zamanin matsayin "kwari", "makiyan mutanen", "cosmopolitans".

Kunna don danniya fara a 1934. Kafin cewa jihar ta'ada da yawan jama'a, da kuma yanzu da ya dauka a kan wurin hutawa jam'iyyar members. Wannan shekara ya wuce XVII Congress, wanda ya zama da aka sani da "Congress of harbi." Sai da na ɗauki wani zaben sabon sakatare janar. Stalin da aka sake zabe, amma da yawa ba wajen goyon bayan takarar. An muhimmanci adadi na Congress duk Sergei Kirov dauke. Bayan 'yan watanni sai aka harbe matattu da wani unbalanced jam'iyyar ma'aikata Nikolaev a Smolny. Stalin amfani da adadi na marigayin na Kirov, yin na shi mai tsarki alama. yaƙi gāba da cin amanar da maƙarƙashiya aka sanar da cewa, kamar yadda ya bayyana farfaganda, kashe wani muhimmin memba na jam'iyyar, kuma za a rushe shi.

Akwai m siyasa tasirin: fata, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. M jamiái "bude" wani sabon m kungiyar, yunƙurin cutar da kasar da kuma jam'iyyar. Anti-Soviet aiki da aka dangana wa bazuwar mutane da kuma, kamar yadda luck zai sun auku a karkashin kankara Rink totalitarian na'ura. A cikin mafi munin shekaru ta'addanci a cikin NKVD amince da dokokinta a kan yawan kashe laifin, da kuma cewa hukumomin kasar kamata ya yi aniya yi. A danniya da za'ayi a karkashin tutar da aji gwagwarmaya (da rubutun da aka sa a gaba shi ne cewa mafi nasara zai kasance da shiri na gurguzanci, da mafi m zama cikin ajin masu gwagwarmaya).

Kada ka manta su gudanar da tsaftacewa da Stalin a kansu musamman sabis, ga hannunsa da kuma gudanar da yawa yanke hukuncin kisa da kotuna. NKVD tsira da dama irin wannan yakin. A lokacin da suka fi zama abin ƙyãma kashe shugaban wannan sashen - da kuma Yagoda, Yezhov. Har ila yau, a jihar bai dauki idanu kashe na kawo dukkan. Sun kasance sũ ne da kuma marubuta, film da kuma wasan kwaikwayo (Mandelstam, Babel, Meyerhold), da kuma ir, lissafin kimiyya da kuma zanen kaya (Landau, kirar Tupolev, Korolev).

Stalinist gurguzanci ƙare da mutuwar shugaba a 1953, bi da da Khrushchev narke da Brezhnev ɓullo da gurguzanci. A Tarayyar Soviet, kimantawa da events bambanta dangane da halin da ake ciki. Khrushchev ya zo ikon a XX Congress na CPSU sunyi tir da sadaukarwa na Stalin ta hali da ta danniya. Karkashin Brezhnev, da adadi na shugaban hukuma akidar bi a hankali.