Spring sha'ir: iri, dasa dabino, namo, darajar tattalin arziki

Spring sha'ir - muhimmanci abinci, fodder da fasaha amfanin gona. Wannan talifin zai tattauna da babban halaye na wannan al'ada, da kuma musamman na ta namo.

tattalin arziki muhimmanci

Daga spring sha'ir hatsi hatsi kerarre (da lu'u-lu'u sha'ir) da kuma gari. Pure sha'ir gari da ba a amfani da shi, a cikin wani adadin 20-25%, an admixed da alkama ko hatsin rai gari. Sha'ir kuma amfani da aladu, da kuma a cikin yankunan, inda aka ba horar da hatsi - da ciyar da dawakai. Bugu da kari, wannan al'ada ne albarkatun kasa domin samar da barasa da giya. A sha'ir iri ƙunshi: nitrogen-free extractives - 64.6%, furotin - 12%, cellulose - 5.5%, ruwa - 13% m - 2.1% da 2.8% ash.

Origin of al'ada

Sha'ir - daya daga cikin tsofaffin noma amfanin gona. Kamar yadda rami, ya, tare da alkama, da aka san su mutane a cikin Stone Age. Masarawa horar da sha'ir 50 ƙarni BC. A Girka, Italiya da kuma China shi ne horar da tun prehistoric sau. A cewar kayan da tono a kan ƙasa na Central Asia sha'ir girma a karkashin noman noma ga 4-5 shekara dubu BC. A kan ƙasa na Moldova da Ukraine ya fara noma da shi a cikin 3rd Millennium BC. Don kwanan wata, namo spring sha'ir da aka aikata a duk faɗin duniya.

Botanical description

HALITTAR Hordeum L aka hada da iri uku al'adu da yawa jinsunan daji sha'ir. Al'adu sha'ir ne classified da yawan 'ya'yan-qazanta da kunnuwa, wanda aka located a kan segments na sanda. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan iri:

• Hordeum vulgare. Wannan ra'ayi ne ake kira Multi-jere ko talakawa. Kowane sashi na sanda da shi aka located uku 'ya'yan-hali spikelet bada hatsi. Dangane da mataki na kunne yawa talakawa sha'ir ne zuwa kashi biyu subspecies: madaidaicin 6-jere (kunne mai yawa da kuma m, mun gwada takaice, a giciye-sashe yayi kama da na yau da kullum heksagon), kuma ba daidai ba 6th jere (da kunne ne kasa m, layuka da hatsi aka shirya kuskure, gefen zangarniya iya shiga ga juna da kuma ci gaba har da ci gaban matsakaici, shi Forms wani rectangular siffar a giciye-sashe karu).
• Hordeum distichon. Wannan biyu-jere sha'ir, a cikin abin da uku kashi na sanda zaune spikelet ( 'ya'yan itace-hali matsakaici, da kuma gefen - bakararre). By yanayin kaikaice spikelets biyu-jere sha'ir ne zuwa kashi biyu subspecies. A farko gefe subspecies bakararre spikelets shirya flowering da glumes, da kuma na biyu - kawai glumes.
• Hordeum intermedium. Wannan matsakaiciyar sha'ir. A wani leji Koloskov sanda ya iya ci gaba 1-3 hatsi.

A mu latitudes, baza ne kawai Multi-jere da kuma biyu-jere sha'ir. Origin yawanci mafi precocious da fari resistant. Multi-jere da kuma biyu-jere sha'ir ne zuwa kashi da yawa jinsunan. A rarrabuwa iya dogara ne a kan halayen irin su spinous hali awns, canza launi karu da hatsi, hulled hatsi yawa kuma karu.

nazarin halittu siffofin

Spring sha'ir adapts da kyau zuwa daban-daban kasar gona da yanayin damina.

Zazzabi. sha'ir tsaba fara zuwa germinate a zazzabi na 1 digiri. A wannan yanayin, da mafi kyau nuna alama na germination zafin jiki ne 20-22 digiri. The harbe na wannan al'ada za su iya jure misãlin saukar zuwa 8 digiri a kasa sifili. Musamman kula sanyi shuka zama a lokacin flowering da ripening. A lokacin loading weevil tayin iya shafi ko ta hanyar 1.5-3 digiri Celsius. Hatsi, hõre ga bayan sanyi iya gaba daya rasa germination. Resistance zuwa sanyi dabam dangane da irin sha'ir. A mafi resistant maki mallaka iyakacin duniya yankuna.

High yanayin zafi a lokacin da hatsi cika na sha'ir ne mafi alhẽri jure fiye da hatsi da kuma alkama. Kamar yadda nazarin VR Zelenskogo, a zazzabi na 38-40 digiri stomata wannan al'ada rasa su ikon rufewa bayan 25-30 hours. A spring alkama wannan index ne tsakanin 10 da 17 hours. Karuwan sha'ir jure high yanayin zafi saboda da farkon balaga da kuma iya aiki don m ciyar a farkon matakai na ci gaba.

Zafi. A fari juriya da spring sha'ir ne daya daga cikin shugabanni a cikin gurasar na 1st kungiyar. Its transpiration kudi ne game da 400. A m yankunan sha'ir amfanin gona ne sau da yawa m voluminous fiye da alkama amfanin gona.

Resistance zuwa iska da kuma ƙasa fari iya bambanta dangane da iri-iri. A hasara danshi sha'ir mafi saukin kamuwa zuwa a-lokaci fitarwa tube. Idan a wannan lokacin da kasar gona ya ƙunshi wani kasa adadin ruwa, kunne ba zai iya ci gaba yadda ya kamata da kuma yawan bakarãriya spikelets shi zai kara.

Gona. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, spring sha'ir horar da nasarar a daban-daban kasar gona da yanayin zones, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da ta adaptability zuwa daban-daban na kasa. A cikin sharuddan responsiveness da takin gargajiya na kasar gona, sha'ir ne mafi kamar alkama, fiye da hatsi. Ga shi, mafi m tsarin tati sararin sama tare da zurfin noma. A m da yashi loam kasa, wannan hatsi ne talauci ci gaba. Shi ne kuma ya fi karfinsu domin sha'ir acidic peat da kuma Saline kasa. Yana tsiro da kyau a kan kasa tare da PH na 6.8 to 7.5.

Ciyayi. Dangane da iri-iri, yankin girma da kuma yanayin damina da rani sha'ir girma tsawon iya Range daga 60 zuwa 110 days.

dadin jikina

Don kwanan wata, spring sha'ir iri sun yi yawa haka. Za mu duba a 'yan rare, domin samun wani janar ra'ayin game da batun.

Viscount. A iri-iri da aka halitta da Hanyar intraspecific hybridization. Yana yana da karkata zuwa ga gaskiya da m kara daji talakawan kauri. hatsi nauyi ne 0,042-0,054 grams. A tsirin lokaci jeri daga 73 zuwa 127 days dangane da yankin. A iri-iri ne dauke forage, amma a sharadi gwargwado iya samar da hatsi, dace da zamanin] aular. A talakawan hatsi ƙunshi daga 11 zuwa 13% gina jiki. Membranous bai wuce 10%. A tsantsa ne 77,8-80,1%.

A iri-iri ne resistant zuwa cuta da kuma canza gona da yanayin damina. Its m yawan amfanin ƙasa ne 70 quintals a kowace kadada. Arewa ta irin wannan ne da za'ayi a farkon yiwu mafita a cikin filin. 1 ha sown kamar 4.5-5 miliyan tsaba. Idan dasa an jinkirta, kuma spring ana sa ran su zama a bushe, shi ne mai nuni zuwa kara da miliyan 1.

Vakula. A iri-iri yana da high adaptability zuwa canje-canje a girma yanayi. An saukar da photoperiodic ji na ƙwarai, wanda tsiraru da tabbatar da mai kyau girbi, ko da kuwa da tsawon da isowa na bazara da kuma ƙayyadaddu na wani ba latitud. hatsi nauyi iya Range daga 0,046 zuwa 0,052 g Tare da m danshi nauyi kai 0.060 g yana da dama high-makamashi hatsi girma, membranous low kuma low furotin abun ciki. A karshen yanayin ba ka damar kai wa madafar giya. shuka kudi na iya Range daga 2 zuwa 3 da miliyan tsaba da 1 kadada. Thickened amfanin gona a m yanayi ba ba manyan, high quality iri. Vakula samar da gwaggwabar riba iri za a iya Range daga 50 zuwa 90 quintals a kowace kadada.

Helios. Sha'ir wannan iri-iri ne irin wannan a cikin halaye da irin Vakula. Duk da haka, a kwatanta da shi, ya na da babban hatsi quality. Better bushes da kuma bada hakan yawan amfanin ƙasa a karkashin mai kyau danshi. Iri-iri ne aka yi nufi ga m namo tare da rage seeding rate. hatsi nauyi iya Range daga 0,048 zuwa 0,050 grams. A lokacin da girma kakar dabam a wani sosai kunkuntar kewayon - 90-93 kwanaki. A seeding kudi ne 3,7-4,16 miliyan tsaba da 1 kadada. Da ake samu da irin wannan sha'ir iya isa 89 t / ha.

Duncan. Spring sha'ir na aji da aka kaddamar a Canada da kuma yada a duniya godiya ga kyau kwarai yi amfanin ƙasa, germination da kuzari. Saboda karfi kara na sha'ir iri resistant zuwa PERMUT da kuma masauki. The nauyi na daya hatsi ne a kan talakawan 0,049 g Yawa sa ne 80 quintals a kowace kadada. Kuma wannan duk da cewa ya na da wani sosai low iri rate - 2-2.2 miliyan tsaba a kowace kadada. A karshen adadi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa thickened jihar al'adu talauci ci gaba.

Priazovsky 9. Shuka sha'ir irin jera Securities na Rasha Federation iri. An halin high jure fari da kuma mai kyau ductility. A tsirin lokaci na sha'ir ne 80-82 kwanaki. Culm yana high ƙarfi, kuma da juriya ga masauki. A iri-iri ne resistant zuwa rinjayar powdery fumfuna, tsatsa da kuma Dwarf dukan kwari. Mafi alhħrin shi ne dace namo a cikin Tsakiya Black Duniya, North Caucasus da kuma ta tsakiya Volga yankuna na Rasha. Da ake samu na da irin wannan sha'ir ne 42-63 quintals a kowace kadada. The nauyi na daya hatsi iya Range 0,045-0,055 grams.

Mamluk. Wannan iri-iri yana da babban photoperiodic ji na ƙwarai, saboda haka shi ya ci gaba cikin sauri a farkon matakai na ci gaba. Masauki juriya a cikin wannan iri-iri ne ba a matsayin babban matsayin cewa daga baya daya, duk da haka, shi ne kunshe a cikin jerin Rasha iri. Mafi yawa daga cikin hatsi ke ciyar da abinci, amma tartsatsi da kuma aiki na hatsi. Grade yana da wani talakawan jure fari da kuma batun kusan babu infestation Farms cututtuka. Mafi mashahuri amfani Mameluke a yankin Krasnodar, da Stavropol Krai na Rasha Federation. Samar da gwaggwabar riba iri za a iya isa har zuwa 68 ton a kowace kadada. The yawan aiki na spring sha'ir amfanin ƙasa, kuma da hakan, da jima da shi za a seeded. A seeding rate jeri daga 4.5 zuwa miliyan 5 tsaba a kowace kadada. Idan sharuddan shuka na spring sha'ir ba ci, ya kamata a karu da miliyan daya.

Spot a cikin juyawa

Mafi precursor ga spring sha'ir ne jere amfanin gona, irin dankalin turawa, masara da sukari gwoza. A da kyau wani zaɓi kuma yi aiki hunturu amfanin gona, yanã gudãna a kan m takin biyu. Sha'ir da spring alkama sown bayan, idan shi aka sanya shi a kan wani tsabta biyu ko perennial ciyawa. Sha'ir, sown a wurin jere amfanin gona, musamman dace da zamanin] aular. Yana bada high yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma high quality-hatsi, wanda da yawa na sitaci.

Domin ɗawainiya ko abinci abincin dabbobi sha'ir da seeded legume bayan wanda nitrogen tara a cikin ƙasa. A gwoza yankunan shi ne sau da yawa sown a gwoza wuri. A cewar nazarin, mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa na sha'ir da aka lura da shi a lokacin da aka riga da (a cikin saukowa domin): dankali, masara, flax, gwoza, spring alkama, da sha'ir.

Tun da sha'ir ne precocious al'adu, an dauke mai kyau precursor ga spring, da kuma a wasu yankuna da kuma hunturu amfanin gona. Saboda wani wuri girbi, shi kuma a matsayin wata cover amfanin gona da kuma shi ne mafifici a cikin wannan girmamawa, da sauran spring hatsi.

takin

Spring sha'ir amsa da kyau zuwa ga gabatarwar da ƙasa taki. Da samuwar 100 kg hatsi zama dole to 2.5-3 kilogiram na nitrogen, potassium, da kuma 2-2.4 kg 1.1-1.2 kg phosphorus. A cikin farko manzilõli, na ci gaba da al'adu ta ci a kananan adadin taki. A lokacin "harbe-tillering" shi jan kamar rabin na phosphorus, nitrogen rabin da uku bariki na jimlar nauyi na potassium da takin mai magani amfani a lokacin da girma kakar.

Ƙara taki kai tsaye a karkashin sha'ir shi ne aikata a arewacin yankunan, inda shi ne babban hatsi da amfanin gona. A wasu yankuna, da ikon yin amfani da shi don amfana daga sakamakon taki - seeded biyu al'adu.

Irin wannan takin for spring sha'ir kamar yadda phosphorus da potassium, an sanya a karkashin Zyablov noma. Nitrogen ne mafi alhẽri yi a lokacin da ciyar a karkashin presowing namo. Potassium da phosphorus don inganta ingancin zamanin] aular al'adu. A mafi kyau sakamakon, musamman a yankunan dake yammacin namo, da sha'ir da ake samu a lokacin da ciyar da cikakken taki.

The rabo daga wani taki bangaren iya dogara a kan irin gona a kan abin da horar da amfanin gona. A podzolic m da kuma baki kaskanta kasa, kazalika a zone daga chestnut kasa sha'ir sosai m zuwa phosphorus da nitrogen da takin mai magani. A drained wetland kasa mafi girma da sakamakon ba potassium. A al'ada chernozems mafi girma sakamako za a iya samu ta hanyar yin amfani da phosphorus-potassium hadaddun.

Kashi taki, kazalika da halittarsa dogara da halaye na ƙasa, kimanta yawan aiki da kuma yin amfani da gina jiki. Ga al'ada ci gaban da al'adu, wanin wadanda aka jera taki, dole ne ka yi amfani da lambar da micronutrients, wadda ake bisa boron, manganese, tutiya, jan, molybdenum da sauransu. Rashin micronutrients a cikin ƙasa iya kai wa ga shuka cututtuka, rayuwa cuta da kuma muhimmanci rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.

A drained peat kasa da taki da aka yi da bluestone da pyrite cinder. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa sakamakon jan takin shafi girbi kawai 'yan shekaru.

shũka

Al'adu idon tsiro a kan filayen da zurfin kaka noma. Noma zurfin iya isa 30 cm. Sod podsolic kasa musamman sakamako za a iya cimma a lokacin da wani sako arable Layer da lokaci daya aikace-aikace na taki da kuma takin. Snow da kuma melted ruwa a cikin yankunan da akayi nufi don shuka spring sha'ir, da bata lokaci a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin yankunan karkashin spring alkama. Spring ƙasa magani iya hada wani tsoratar game ko looping da kuma namo da lokaci daya tsoratar game.

Yanzu la'akari namo spring sha'ir, a cikin hãlãye.

shirye-shiryen da tsaba

Domin shuka amfani da manyan sha'ir tsaba. Suna da high germination makamashi, germination da kuma bayar da tsibin girma da kyau. Don ƙara da ake samu tsaba bi da da iska-dumama zafi. Har ila yau, suna etched daga manyan cututtuka da kuma kwari bushe ko Semi-bushe Hanyar.

shuka kalandar

Spring sha'ir ya shafi don amfanin gona da farkon dasa dabino. Idan bata lokaci ba a shuka na mako amfanin ƙasa za a iya rage by 10-40%, dangane da yankin. Tare da farkon shuka sha'ir da ake samu m hatsi tare da m abun ciki na fina-finai da kuma resistant seedlings.

Matsayin mai mulkin, spring sha'ir shuka tare da spring alkama, ko bayan shi. A Siberia da kuma arewacin Kazakhstan sha'ir shuka kalanda yana farawa daga May 15-25, dangane da shekara. A Crimea, da Kuban yankin da kuma a tsakiyar Asiya aikata Fabrairu amfanin gona. Saboda haka, lokaci na shuka spring sha'ir iya zama sosai daban-daban da kuma dogara a kan ƙayyadaddu na yankin.

shuka hanyar

Shuka spring sha'ir giciye kuma rufaffiyar drills ne mafi tasiri. Kamar yadda yi nuna, wadannan hanyoyin, a kwatanta da na al'ada rawar soja seeding, shi ya ba game da 15% mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa.

seeding rate

seeding rate dogara a kan yankin na namo na sha'ir. Alal misali, Far East, su ne daga 1.6 zuwa 2 quintals kowace kadada (game da 4.5 miliyan mai yiwuwa tsaba), da kuma ta Arewa Caucasus - 1.3-1.6 quintals kowace kadada (game 3.5-4, 5 miliyan iri). Saboda haka, aikace-aikace kudi na iya bambanta a cikin fairly fadi da kewayon, dangane da agronomic kuma gona yanayi na yankin. A thickened amfanin gona da gina jiki abun ciki na wake kika aika. Ya kamata a dauka a asusun idan da al'adun da aka girma ga zamanin] aular.

dasa zurfin

A clayey nauyi kasa tsaba sown zuwa zurfin ba fiye da 4 cm, kuma a cikin haske yashi - ba fiye da 6 cm a cikin yanayi na kasa da hazo hakowa zurfin za a iya ƙara har zuwa 8 cm, shuka tsaba kumbura sannu a hankali da kuma haka ake bukata don toshe cikin rigar Layer na duniya .. .

Kula da amfanin gona,

Don seedlings sun abokai, a m yankunan ne da za'ayi lokaci guda tare da compacting posleposevnoe haske tsoratar game. A gumi yankunan amfani da tsoratar game on harbe. Wadannan matakan sa shi yiwuwa ya hallaka weeds, sassauta kasar gona da kuma kara da damar da oxygen zuwa ga asalinsu. Idan ɓawon burodi da aka kafa a kan kasa bayan wani ruwan sama, da kuma harbe ba tukuna bayyana, shi halaka harrows.

girbi

Sha'ir kāsa yin amfani tare. Tare da farko na ripening kunne zama gaggautsa kuma crumbles sauƙi hatsi. Biyu-lokaci tsaftacewa fara kamar daga tsakiyar kakin zuma ripeness da kuma guda lokaci - a cike ripeness, a wani kara yanayin.

Malting sha'ir: Features

A halaye na spring sha'ir amfani a zamanin] aular, sa musamman bukatar. Brewing fi dace Biyu-jere sha'ir iri da samar da manyan, m kuma a ko'ina sprouting hatsi. Hatsi ga zamanin] aular dole ne a manyan (game da 0,040-0,050 g nauyi) da kuma tonkoplenchatym, da bambaro-yellow launi, da a kalla 78% sitaci da suna da wani babban germination makamashi (babu kasa da 95%).

A baya can an yi tunanin cewa don Brewing kyau kawai hatsi na sha'ir, da furotin da abun ciki na wanda shi ne kadan. Duk da haka, an daga baya ya gano cewa, duk abin da ya dogara ba a kan yawan sunadaran da su quality. A cewar nazarin, da mafi kyau sakamakon da aka samu a lokacin da yin amfani da sha'ir da ciwon high kwayoyin nauyi sunadaran (globulins da prolamins) cewa su ne kusan insoluble a ruwa. Bad domin samar da giya da ba-da furotin da nitrogen da nitrogen, albumin. A mafi muhimmanci da precursors domin irin wannan sha'ir ne hunturu hatsi, masara, dankali, beets, kuma flax.

Lokacin da namo na sha'ir Brewing mafi kyau da sakamakon za a iya cimma a farkon matakai na amfanin gona. Wannan damar zuwa sami high da ake samu masu hada kai, m hatsi ne high a sitaci da kuma low-hulled.

A namo mafi m hatsi shuka hanyoyin ne ma rufaffiyar drills da crossover. Posleposevnoe compacting yana da kyau sakamako a kan ingancin amfanin gona. Kuma samuwar crusts ko karfi hatimi da ake amfani da tsoratar game gona. Godiya ga wadannan dabaru steblestoy wani uniform kuma hatsi - masu hada kai. A amfanin gona na sha'ir zamanin] aular shi ne ba kyawawa ƙarasa da daidaitawa, tun a cikin irin wannan yanayin, da hatsi iya samun karami da kuma rage cika.

A ingancin malting sha'ir zuwa babban har ya rinjayi hanyar, kuma girbi lokaci. A mafi inganci tsaftacewa nuna guda-lokaci, samar a lokacin da cikakken ripeness lokacin da hatsi danshi abun ciki ba wucewa 22%. Duk da haka, a cikin kudancin yankunan sau da yawa amfani da biyu-lokaci tsaftacewa. Idan stagnate sha'ir, da adadin sitaci a cikin hatsi da dama a matsayin ƙãra numfashi fara. Low yanayin zafi da kuma wuce kima danshi a lokacin da cikakken ripeness iya adversely shafi ingancin da tsaba daga baya girbi kwanakin. Bayan sussukar hatsi a hankali irin fitar da bushe, kyale ka ka ci gaba da shi a mai haske launi da kuma samar da wani babban kuzari.