Shuka al'umma - abin da yake da shi? Siffofin da kuma iri na shuka al'ummomi

Dada bambancin tsirin ma wani karamin yanki na ƙasar. Kuma za ka iya ganin yadda yawa daban-daban gandun daji da tsire-tsire daga waɗanda cewa rayuwa a kan lake ko makiyaya. Flora wakilan iya rayuwa tare ne kawai tare da wadanda jinsi wanda suke son su rayu tare. Wannan shi ne rai na shuke-shuke shine zai yiwu a lokacin da wasu shuka al'umma ya ci gaba.

asali Concepts

Don gane da abin da shuka al'umma, wajibi ne a tuna da bukatun na daban-daban iri iri na shuke-shuke da yanayi na ci gaba da bunkasa. Kowace daga cikinsu na bukatar wani zafi, lighting, zazzabi. A wannan hasashe, a cikin yanayin mutum shuka iri ba rayuwa a cikin kadaici daga juna, da kuma tare, forming thickets kira phytocenoses ko shuka al'umma.

Saboda haka, inji al'umma - tarin shuke-shuke da cewa sun saba da wannan yanayi na zama a kan wajabta yanki na ƙasar da kuma hade da juna tasiri a kan juna.

A more bambancin jinsunan abun da ke ciki phytocenosis, da Fuller yin amfani rai sarari da ta albarkatun, da aukaka da kuma more bambancin ne dangantaka. Alal misali, itace da kuma bada tebur, da kuma tsari mai jam'i na dabbobi daban daban, kuma sun samar da kwanciyar hankali a cewa halakar kwari kawo tsaba, gãshin gona.

Kowane irin shuka al'ummomi da cewa rayuwa, a wani takamaiman wuri, da ake kira da ciyayi. Dangane da predominance na wasu iri shuka al'ummomi ake hada a cikin ya fi girma kungiyoyin (ciyayi iri). Kowace kungiya samun da sunan, misali, makiyaya, da gandun daji, fadama, steppe, tundra, da sauransu. All iri ciyayi na da halaye, waxanda suke da sauki bambanta daga juna.

Nau'in na shuka al'ummomi

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, don phytocenosis halin da wasu irin gona, haske matakin, zafi da sauran yanayi na zama na shuke-shuke. Wannan bayyana bambancin da shuka al'ummomi da kuma takamaiman abun da ke ciki na Flora ga kowane daga cikinsu.

A lõkacin da suka ce cewa shuka al'umma - .. Shin a gandun daji, filin, makiyaya, da ruwa, budurwa steppe, da dai sauransu, to, shi ake nufi da yanayi na zama na jinsi.

Wani lokaci phytocenoses sunan da aka ba da rinjaye a cikin view shi. Alal misali, spruce, Pine, Birch, itacen oak gandun daji ko steppe feathergrass. Communities a daya irin su iya bambanta a nau'in abun da ke ciki, misali, a can fir ɗan kurmi ko bilberry.

Rarraba da kuma gane iri shuka al'ummomi za a iya bai wa mutum tasiri a kan aiwatar da kafa phytocenoses. Haka kuma, da kasaftawa halitta da kuma wucin gadi shuka al'umma.

Duk da wakilan da Flora na gandun daji, fadamun, swamps, tabkuna, steppe, tundra dokoki da na halitta shuka al'umma. Direct tasiri a kan samuwar wani mutum yana ba.

Artificial shuka al'ummomi halitta ta mutum. Su za a iya kafa da kamannin halitta (misali, gandun daji, kandami, makiyaya) ko da kansu musamman a cikin yanayi (da filin, murabba'ai, Parks). Wadannan shuka al'ummomi saboda da kananan jinsunan bambancin weaker na halitta da kuma na iya zama kawai a lokacin da wani mutum kula da su.

In ba haka ba akwai wani canji na shuka al'umma. Wakilai daga filin Flora za a iya tura daga cikin gandun daji da tsire-tsire. A irin wannan tsari ne kuma zai yiwu a cikin halitta al'ummomi. Saboda haka, lake, overgrown sannu a hankali jũya a cikin wani fadama.

Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa daban-daban na shuka al'ummomi jawo hankalin wasu jinsunan dabbobi, kwayoyin cuta da kuma fungi. Tare, sai suka samar da wani biocenosis.

Natsuwa da matakan

A cikin steppe mamaye herbaceous shuke-shuke da melkokustarnikovye. Grasslands ne halin da babban iri-iri da ganye, mafi yawa perennial. A arziki nau'in abun da ke ciki da natsuwa, wanda aka located in floodplains. Kazalika da bushe fadamun, located daga kogin, a matsafai na kan tuddai.

itace

Tiered shuka al'umma, mafi wuya a nau'in abun da ke ciki - wani gandun daji. Yana hada da wani itace, shrub da kuma herbaceous shuke-shuke. Gandun daji ya kasu kashi deciduous da coniferous. Wadanda, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi m, Leaved, duhu da haske coniferous. Bugu da ƙari, akwai gauraye gandun daji, inda ya gabatar a matsayin softwood da katako nau'in bishiyoyi.

Tafiya ta cikin gandun daji, muka shiga cikin yankin na wani musamman al'umma. Good connoisseur yanayi, wani gogaggen haraji na namomin kaza da berries zai bi cranberries cikin wani ƙunci daga Pine gandun daji, bayan wani bouquet na furanni - a cikin glades da clearings, kuma domin strawberries - a kan rana ta tuddai da gefen. Yadda iya rayuwa tare jũna shuke-shuke? An sa shi yiwuwa a co-zama?

Shuka al'umma kunshi yawa iri na shuke-shuke da cewa an saba da wannan yanayi, amma yin amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Bayan da haske da bukatun, danshi, zazzabi yanayin da suka ba m.

Kamar gandun daji da tsire-tsire amfani da haske? A marinjãya tiers aura da rawanin na haske-m oak, ash, Linden. A karo na biyu bene jin dadi dutsen ash, tsuntsu ceri, Aspen. Wadannan itatuwa ne kasa wuya zuwa ga haske. Shrubs suna located in da uku bene. Kuma mafi inuwa-m, mosses da ganye da aka sanya a karo na hudu.

Forest shuka al'umma yana da wani musamman bangaren part, wanda ake ce da gandun daji zuriyar dabbobi. Wani lokaci masana kimiyya hada ta da biyar bene. Namomin kaza - cikin babban mazaunan zuriyar dabbobi. Tare da namomin kaza saba da zama a cikinta kananan gandun daji mazaunan da kwayoyin. Ciyar a kan matattu shuka sassa, sai su juya su a cikin humus, da kuma humus - ma'adinai a salts, waxanda suke da muhimmanci ga sabon shuke-shuke.

Layering wanzu a karkashin kasa. Deep tushen itatuwa sun tafi. Dan kadan mafi girma kafe shrubs, a surface - ciyawa shuke-shuke. Tiered tsari na tushen damar da su zuwa sha na gina jiki daga daban-daban ƙasa yadudduka.

Yanayi manufa na zama

Don samun tare da juna a cikin gandun daji ba kawai damar tiered tsari aboveground da kuma karkashin kasa sassa na shuke-shuke, amma kuma su ci gaba a daban-daban sharuddan.

Da farko, kafin leafing, blooming iska-pollinated. Duk da yake tsayi itatuwa ba tukuna blossomed, iska free transfer pollen.

Ko snow ba sauko, da kuma kasa daga cikin dumi zuriyar dabbobi sun tada kwari. Yanzu, lokacin da danda rassan da gandun daji wuce sauka mai yawa hasken rana, blooming primroses da Entomophilous.

Ya juya kore Bishiyoyi da primroses tukuna a kan, tara a rhizomes na gina jiki. Su rai da aka shãfe haskensu har da wadannan spring. Su wuri da aka dauka ta hanyar sauran ganye. Duk da yake a cikin gandun daji da yawa na haske, da ciyawa da murfin zama thicker, mafi bambancin, rayayye ne da tsari na photosynthesis.

A karkashin cikakken ƙaho kore tanti a lokacin da yanayin samun warmer da kuma iska mutu saukar, da shuke-shuke Bloom Entomophilous undergrowth. Saboda haka consistently a cikin gandun daji, da yanayi wajibi ne ga rayuwar dukkan membobinta.

spruce

Spruce gandun daji yawanci girma a nauyi lãka kasa. Fir needles, zuriyar dabbobi decomposes sannu a hankali. Tara a tsawon shekaru, shi Forms wani mat, wanda rinjayar da danshi, ƙasa da zazzabi tsarin mulki da kuma wasu da sauran halaye. A spruce gandun daji kadan haske, kuma gumi. Ko a kan wani zafi zafi rana ne sanyi. Ba arziki ƙasa murfin jinsunan. A karkashin m firs girma inuwa-m zobo, daban-daban jinsunan gansakuka, blueberries, cranberries.

Pine gandun daji

Forest, inda Pine ne babban wakilin, da ake kira Pine gandun daji. Sun fi son haske, m gona. Hasken rana a su isa ba, amma saboda rashin gina jiki iri-iri na shuke-shuke kananan. A kasar gona da aka rufe da mosses da lichens. Daga gare su girma dutse Berry, blueberries, cranberries, wasu jinsunan ferns.

deciduous gandun daji

Shuka al'umma na deciduous gandun daji, yawanci hade da wani gona mai arziki a cikin ma'adanai. A jinsin abun da ke ciki shi ne bambancin. Daga cikin itatuwan za ka iya samun oak, Linden, Elm, Maple. Daga shrubs sau da yawa zo Hazel, honeysuckle itace da euonymus. Grassy cover arziki a cikin jinsin: daji Ginger, hankãka, yanã idanu, goutweed, dama irin kararrawa, Anemone da yawa wasu.

fadama

Shi ne da wata al'umma daga shuke-shuke wakilta wani musamman jinsunan iya zama a cikin yanayi na wuce kima ƙasa danshi da kuma rashin oxygen a cikinsa. A Rasha, mafi tartsatsi a cikin arewa na swamps sun samu gandun daji yankin da kuma a cikin gandun daji.

Sun kasu kashi low-maƙaryaciya, wanda, bi da bi, su ne sedge da gansakuka, da kuma a kan dawakai. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani halayyar abun da ke ciki na shuka siffofin.

lake

Daban-daban tabkuna shuke-shuke amma rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi. Kawai amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.

A tudu, inda m, zaunar kara, cattail, kyauro. Su mai tushe da ganye suna sanya a kan ruwa. Sun sami carbon dioxide daga iska, da kuma da yawa na haske. Akwai kuma girma da kwantena. Asallanta suna kafe a kasa, a matsayin dogon petioles daure ganye zuwa ga haske.

Amma akwai shuke-shuke da cewa ba ta tashi zuwa surface. Gina jiki da suka dauki daga cikin teku da kuma abun ciki warwatsa haske. A zurfi, da ƙasa da shi. Canje-canje da kuma shuka abun da ke ciki: Higher Tsire-tsire kananan, mafi yawa sanaki da microscopic algae.

A yanayi, kowane shuka al'umma dangantaka da dabba al'umma da suke zaune a wannan yanki. Ga kuma bakin teku thickets mafaka yawa mazaunan lake, kamar yadda a cikin kududdufi isasshen haske, zafi, abinci albarkatu.

A rayuwa da tafki, dã mun kasance m ba tare da aiki na da mazaunanta. Su tsaftace lake, shiga a cikin zagayowar kwayoyin halitta, a cikin wata kalma, su da harshen damo goyi bayan haƙuri da muhalli. Su suna da alaka da juna ta hanyar matsakaici. A halin yanzu al'umma don ƙirƙirar da yanayin zama dole ga rayuwar dukkan membobinta.

tundra

tundra shuka al'ummomi ne a yanayi na musamman. Ga kadan zafi, m tsananin iska, permafrost.

A cikin matsananci yanayi ba girma da tsayi itatuwa, amma shi ba ya nufin cewa su ba, a cikin tundra, amma su ne kadan, undersized. Kawai a nan za ka iya ganin wata boletus, wanda ya fi mataki na Birch. Ko wata bishiya kan daidai da Berry daji cloudberry.

Iyakacin duniya itatuwa girma sosai a hankali. Girmancin zobba rarrabe kawai tare da wani girman siffar gilashi, su nisa da aka lasafta a hundredths na wani millimeter.

Daban-daban shuke-shuke daidaita tundra. Domin da yawa, da ci gaban da juna na matasan kai. Wannan nau'i taimaka wajen tsayayya guguwa iskõki. Ciki da matashin kai ya rike zafi mafi alhẽri. Girma a cikin tundra mosses da lichens, flowering shrubs, ganye.

Human tasiri a kan shuka al'ummomi

Samuwar wani takamaiman shuka al'umma daukan fiye da daya karni. Kuma kafa, shi za a iya adana na dogon lokaci, har sai an keta by da dangantaka.

a cikin rayuwar wani gazawar da ko da karamin sashi na gandun daji ba zai wuce ba a gane shi. Alal misali, a kusurwar Forest River ya fi so tabo na yawon shakatawa halts. Ya mutu daga mahara hearths makiyayar da kuma matasa gandun daji girma. Bush ya hana ta gangara daga mugun kaye, sare. Hana kariya ta kore, shi ya zama bushe da kogin.

Canje-canje a shuka al'umma rayuwa sun sa m canje-canje a cikin yanayi.

The mazaunan tundra ne sananne dokokin yanayi na yankin. Alal misali, tuki wani garke na barewa daga wuri zuwa wuri, suka riƙe ciyayi. Bayan Yagelnaya makiyaya cinye ta barewa, mayar a 15-20 shekaru. A Layer na kasar gona thaws a lokacin rani, shi ne sosai kananan a kasa - da permafrost da kuma ciyayi cover ne na bakin ciki.

Nature tundra musamman m. Kuma kowane abrasion, amfani da nan don ciyayi, warkar da na dogon lokaci.

Duk wani aiki na mutane a duniya ba zai iya shafar shuka rayuwa. Kuma idan wani mutum ya san abin da shuka al'umma, bisa ga abin da dokokin shi tasowa, shi zai yi aiki a hankali da kuma prudently.