Regular polyhedra a cikin yanayi

Me zai faru idan akwai daya kawai irin siffar, kamar a tsari, kamar yadda wani murabba'i mai dari a duniya? Wasu abubuwa sun canza ba a duk kofofin, kaya Trailers, kwallon kafa filayen - su duk duba guda. Amma abin da game da doorknobs? Su zai zama kadan m. A mota dabaran? Ba zai zama da kasa aiki. Kuma kwallon kafa? Yana da wuya ko da tunanin. Abin farin, duniya tana cike da yawa daban-daban siffofin. Akwai yau da kullum polyhedra a cikin yanayi? Eh, da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu.

Mene ne wani polygon?

Don adadi shi ne mai polygon, na bukatar wani yanayi. Da fari dai, akwai dole yawa tarnaƙi, kuma kusassari. Bugu da kari, ya kamata ya kasance a rufaffiyar form. A yau da kullum polygon ne wani adadi da duk daidai tarnaƙi, kuma kusassari. Haka kuma, a cikin zãluncin da suka iya dan kadan gurbata.

Nau'in na yau da kullum da polygons

Mene ne m yawan bangarorin iya samun yau da kullum polygon? Daya layin iya zama da yawa na jam'iyyun. Bangarorin biyu kuma ba zai iya biyan kuma samar da wata rufaffiyar mold. A uku jam'iyyun iya - kamar yadda a alwatika. Kuma tun muna magana ne game da wani yau da kullum polygon inda dukkan bangarorin da kusassari ne daidai, muna nufin wani equilateral alwatika.

Idan ka ƙara wani gefen, ka samu wani square. Iya wani murabba'i mai dari, inda jam'iyyun bã su daidaita, ya zama na yau da kullum polygon? A'a, wannan adadi za a kira wani murabba'i mai dari. Idan ka ƙara da humushin gefe, ka samu wani Pentagon. Haka kuma, akwai wani heksagon, heptagon, octagons, kuma haka a ad infinitum.

na farko lissafi

Polygons ne daban-daban: bude, rufe da kai-intersecting. A na farko lissafi polygon adadi ne lebur, wanda aka iyakance ta da wani guntun sarkar na mike layin segments ta samar da wata rufaffiyar polygon ko kwane-kwane. Wadannan segments ne ta gefuna ko tarnaƙi, kuma da maki inda kaifi biyu hadu, - vertices da sasanninta. A ciki na polygon wani lokacin ake kira jikinsa.

Polyhedra a cikin yanayi da kuma rayuwar mutum

Duk da yake pentagonal alamu fifita a da yawa rai siffofin, da ma'adinai duniya fi son wani biyu, sau uku, hudu, da shida-Musulunci fasali. A heksagon ne m siffar wanda ya samar da iyakar tsarin yi. Yana da matukar kowa a filin daga kwayoyin da lu'ulu'u a cikin abin da pentagonal siffar da aka kusan taba faruwa. Steroids, cholesterol, benzene, bitamin C da D, asfirin, sugar, graphite - shi ne wanzuwar sixfold fasali. Inda a cikin yanayi akwai yau da kullum polyhedra? Mafi shahara kyakkyawan gine halitta da ƙudan zuma, wasps da zirnako.

Shida ruwa kwayoyin samar da zuciyar kowane snow crystal. Sabõda haka, shi dai itace a Snowflake. Fuskoki dabam-dabam tashi ido form tam cushe kyakkyawan tsari. Menene wasu na yau da kullum polyhedra a cikin yanayi? Wannan ruwa lu'ulu'u, kuma lu'u-lu'u, basalt ginshikan, da epithelial Kwayoyin a cikin ido, da wasu shuka Kwayoyin, kuma mafi. Saboda haka, polyhedra, da yanayi, rai ko maras rai, su ne ba a rayuwar mutum a wani babban yawa da kuma iri-iri.

Abin da ya sa da shahararsa ta hexagons?

Snowflakes, Organic kwayoyin, ma'adini lu'ulu'u da columnar basalts ne hexagons. Dalilin wannan shi ne muhimmi fasali. A mafi daukan hankali misali ne mai cell, wani kyakkyawan tsarin wanda rage zuwa m sarari hasara, tun da dukan surface aka cinye sosai nagarta sosai. Me raba cikin m Kwayoyin? Bees haifar a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum polyhedrons domin yin amfani da su domin ta nasu bukatun, ciki har da ajiya na zuma da kwai-kwanciya. Me yanayi fi son hexagons? Amsar wannan tambaya na iya ba na farko ilmin lissafi.

• Triangles. Kai 428 equilateral triangles tare da bangarorin na game da 7,35 mm. Su duka tsawon shi ne 3 mm * 7,35 * 428/2 = 47,2 cm.
• Rectangles. Kai 428 murabba'ai tare da wani gefe na game da 4,84 mm, jimlar tsawon shi ne 4 m * 4,84 * 428/2 = 41.4 cm.
• Hexagons. A karshe, kai 428 hexagons tare da bangarorin na 3 mm, jimlar tsawon shi ne 6 * 3 mm * 428/2 = 38.5 cm.

A bayyane ne ya lashe hexagons. Yana da wannan tsari ya taimaka wajen rage matsakaicin sarari da kuma damar da karami yanki sanya kamar yadda da yawa guda kamar yadda zai yiwu. Cell a cikin abin da ƙudan zuma adana su amber Nectar, suna al'ajabin na daidaici aikin injiniya, wani tsararru na prismatic Kwayoyin tare da m kyakkyawan giciye-sashe. A kakin ganuwar suna sanya saduwa sosai daidai da kauri, da Kwayoyin m karkata don magance asarar danko sosai zuma, da kuma dukan tsarin da aka hada kai daidai da Magnetic filin na duniya. Abin mamaki, yayin da ga ƙudan zuma suna aiki a cikin daidaituwa.

Me hexagons? Wannan shi ne mai sauki lissafi

Idan kana so ka tattaro guda size da kuma siffar da cell, don haka abin da suka cika dukan jirgin sama, shi zai yi aiki ne kawai uku na yau da kullum siffofi (tare da duk jam'iyyun da kuma tare da wannan kusurwa): equilateral triangles, murabba'ai kuma hexagons. Daga cikin wadannan kyakkyawan Kwayoyin bukatar da karami duka tsawon garun idan aka kwatanta da triangles ko murabba'ai na wannan yanki.

Saboda haka da zabi na ƙudan zuma hexagons sa hankali. A cikin XVIII karni masanin kimiyya Charles Darwin ce cewa kyakkyawan cell "cikakken cikakke a ceton aiki da kakin zuma." Ya yi imani da cewa zabin yanayi baiwa gabbai na ƙudan zuma da kakin zuma don ƙirƙirar wadannan Kwayoyin, wanda ya da amfani da bayar da kasa da makamashi da kuma lokaci fiye da ƙirƙirar wasu siffofin.

Misalan polyhedra a cikin yanayi

Fili idanu wasu kwari suna cushe a cikin wani kyakkyawan, a cikinsa kowane gefe - da ruwan tabarau an haɗa zuwa dogon bakin ciki retinal cell. Tsarin an kafa ta gungu na nazarin halittu Kwayoyin sau da yawa da siffofi sarrafawa da wannan dokoki a matsayin kumfa a cikin sabulu bayani. A microscopic tsarin da gefen idanu - daya daga cikin mafi kyau misalai. Kowane facet ƙunshi wani tari na hudu haske-m Kwayoyin, wanda da wannan siffar kamar yadda nonon hudu al'ada kumfa.

Abin da kayyade dokokin sabulu fina-finai da kuma kumfa form? Nature fi damuwa game da tattalin arzikin fiye da ƙudan zuma. Sabulu kumfa da kuma fina-finan sanya daga ruwa (tare da Bugu da kari sabulu) da kuma surface tashin hankali fa, tã da ruwa surface don haka kamar yadda ba shi da wani karami sarari kamar yadda zai yiwu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa saukad ne mai siffar zobe (fiye ko žasa), a lokacin da suka fada: Sphere yana karami surface yankin da ya fi kowane tsari da daya girma. A cikin waxy bar ruwa droplets ana kõma a cikin kananan beads ga wannan dalili.

Wannan model bayyana surface tashin hankali kumfa rafts kuma foams. Kumfa zai nemi wani tsari da cewa yana da mafi ƙasƙanci total surface tashin hankali, wanda zai samar da mafi karami yanki na bango. Ko da yake lissafi na sabulu fina-finan da aka shibtarsu da hulda inji sojojin, shi ba ya gaya mana abin da zai kasance cikin irin na kumfa. A hankula kumfa hada da wani polyhedral cell siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam. Idan ka duba a hankali, na yau da kullum polyhedra a cikin yanayi - ba haka daidai ne. Su gefuna ne da wuya daidai mike.

daidai kumfa

Da a ce kana iya yin "cikakke" kumfa, a cikin abin da duk kumfa ne guda size. Mene ne cikakken tsari na cell, abin da ya sa da sauran kumfa bango yankin kamar yadda kananan kamar yadda zai yiwu. Wannan an tattauna shekaru da yawa, da kuma na dogon lokaci an yi tunanin cewa da manufa irin na cell ne a 14-gefe polyhedron tare da square ko kyakkyawan bangarorin.

more tattali, ko da yake kasa da umarnin tsarin, wanda ya kunshi mai Nannagen kungiyar na takwas daban-daban siffofin cell da aka gano a 1993. Wannan hadadden tsarin da aka yi amfani da matsayin wahayi ga da zane na wani kumfa iyo filin wasa a lokacin gasar wasannin Olympics ta 2008 a Beijing.

Dokokin na samuwar Kwayoyin a cikin kumfa kuma iko da wasu alamu lura a rayuwa Kwayoyin. Ba wai kawai wani na game gardama-ido nuna wannan kyakkyawan shiryawa fuskoki dabam-dabam cewa lebur kumfa. Hasken-m Kwayoyin a cikin kowane daga cikin mutum ruwan tabarau ne ma da alaka da kungiyar, wanda duba kawai kamar sabulu kumfa.

Duniya polyhedra a cikin yanayi

Kwayoyin na da yawa daban-daban na kwayoyin, daga shuke-shuke zuwa bera membranes dauke da irin wannan microscopic Tsarin. Ba wanda ya san abin da suke yi, amma su ne don haka tartsatsi, yana da adalci to zaton cewa suna da wasu amfani rawa. Zai yiwu suke ware daya daga wani biochemical tsari, guje wa giciye-tsangwama.

Ko kuma zai iya zama kawai wani m hanya don ƙirƙirar manyan aiki jirgin sama, tun da yawa biochemical matakai faru a membrane surface, inda enzymes da kuma sauran aiki kwayoyin za a iya shigar dasu. Abin da aiki na polyhedra a cikin yanayi, ba a damu don ƙirƙirar hadaddun kwayoyin umarnin, saboda dokokin kimiyyar lissafi zai yi shi a gare ku.

Wasu malam da Sikeli winged dauke da wani ma'ana a Maze of m abu kira chitin. Exposure zuwa ga haske tãguwar ruwa rebounding daga cikin saba jeri da sauran Tsarin kan reshe surface, take kaiwa zuwa da cewa wasu wavelengths (Ina nufin, wasu launi) bace, yayin da wasu suna yi yardatayya da baiwa,. Saboda haka, a polygonal tsarin samar da wani kyakkyawan kayan aiki domin samar da dabba launuka.

Don yin umurni da cibiyar sadarwa na tukuru ma'adinai, wasu kwayoyin a fili samar da siffar da taushi m membrane, sa'an nan daskarar m kayan ciki daya daga cikin interpenetrating networks. A saƙar zuma tsarin microscopic tashoshi a cikin m studs chitin sabon abu marine tsutsotsi da aka sani da teku linzamin kwamfuta, sabobin tuba wadannan alamu a Halitta voloskopodobnye Tantancewar fiber wanda zai iya shiryar da haske canza shi daga ja zuwa bluish-kore dangane da lighting shugabanci. Wannan launi canji za a iya amfani da su hana yara.

yanayi ne Mafi sani ga

Flora da fauna fifita a misalai na polyhedra a cikin yanayi, kamar yadda da matattun duniyar kankara da kuma ma'adanai. Daga mai zalla juyin ra'ayi, da kyakkyawan tsari ne shugaba a samar da makamashi ingantawa. Bayan da bayyane abũbuwan amfãni (sarari tanadi), polyhedral grids samar da wani babban yawan fuskokin, ta haka ne kara yawan makwabta cewa beneficially rinjayar da dukan tsarin. A karshen sakamakon wannan ne cewa bayanai da aka yada a sauri. Me daidai da ba daidai kyakkyawan star-dimbin yawa polyhedra a cikin yanayi faruwa haka sau da yawa? Kila don haka dole. Nature ne Mafi sani, ta san mafi alhẽri.