Plasmid - plasmids aiki ne ...

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi bayani game da m da hadaddun kwayoyin Tsarin na daban-daban Kwayoyin, yawanci kwayoyin - plasmids. A nan za ka sami bayani a kan su tsarin, manufa, kwafi hanyoyin, general halaye da yafi.

A plasmids sun

Plasmid - DNA ne da kwayoyin da cewa yana da wani kananan size da kuma ta jiki matsayi rabu daga cell chromosome ilimin kwayoyin hali irin. Da damar don m kwafi tsari. M plasmid samu a kwayan kwayoyin. Outwardly, wannan kwayoyin ciwon biyu stranded madauwari form. Musamman rare plasmid za a iya samu a archaea da eukaryotes.

Yawanci, kwayoyin plasmids dauke da kwayoyin bayanai da za su iya inganta juriya ga waje yanayi dalilai adversely shafi jihar da kwayoyin a cikin abin da suke located. A wasu kalmomin, da plasmid iya rage tasiri na maganin rigakafi saboda ya karu da kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin cutar da kanta. kan aiwatar da canja wurin plasmids daga kwayoyin to kwayoyin cuta sau da yawa samu. Plasmids - ne tsarin abubuwa da suke da tasiri wajen canja wurin kayyade bayanai a kwance fashion.

J. Lederberg - masanin kwayar halitta, masanin kimiyya asali daga Amurka, ya gabatar da ra'ayi na plasmid a shekara ta 1952.

The girma girma na plasmids da su lambobin

Plasmid - a tsarin da ciwon da dama masu girma dabam. The karami form iya ƙunsar game da dubu biyu tushe nau'i-nau'i, ko kasa, alhãli kuwa da sauran manyan nau'i na plasmids kẽwayẽwa da dama da ɗari dubu tushe biyu type. Sanin wannan ba ka damar zana layi tsakanin megaplazmidami da mini-chromosomes. Akwai kwayoyin da cewa zai iya farin daban-daban iri plasmids. A wannan yanayin, jimlar adadin kwayoyin abu na iya wuce girman da abu daga cikin rundunar cell.

Yawan kofe na plasmids abin da suke a wannan cell, iya bambanta ƙwarai. Alal misali, a daya cell akwai iya zama kawai kamar wata, yayin da da dama sauran plasmids da irin zo up to dubun ko daruruwan. Adadin su ne saboda da yanayin da kwafi.

Plasmid - wani salon salula tsarin abubuwa iya m kwafi. Wannan shi ne, ba za su iya aiwatuwa a kan nasu, ba tare da kasancewa batun sarrafa chromosomes. A lokaci guda, da chromosome ne iya sarrafa kansu plasmids. A cikin hali na tsananin iko da yawan replicated plasmid yawanci kananan, game da 1-3. Plasmids karami masu girma dabam ne mafi m da kuma raunana hankali iko iya ƙirƙirar more kofe.

kwafi

Kwayan plasmid iya m kwafi. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ne batun sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na chromosomal iko. Wannan shi ne saboda da rashin wasu muhimman kwayoyin halittu. A ra'ayi na wannan salon salula enzymes suke kunshe a plasmid kwafi.

kwafi mataki ne zuwa kashi qaddamarwa mataki, elongation da kuma karewa. DNA polymerase farawa kwafi kawai bayan seeding amfani da share fage. Da farko bude kewaye auku priming RNA, bi da yadda nake alfaharin fa daya daga cikin marũruwa aka kafa da kuma free 3`-OH karshen.

A mafi yawan lokuta, qaddamarwa mataki na faruwa a karkashin mataki na catalysts sunadaran sauya ta da plasmid. Wani lokaci wadannan guda sunadaran iya shiga cikin tsari vіrabotki share fage.

Elongation auku golofermenta amfani da DNA polymerase III (wani lokacin ina), kuma wasu salon salula sunadarai, kunsha a replisome.

Ƙarshe na kwafi iya fara kawai idan wani yanayi da ake sadu.

Da ka'idodin kwafi iko

Control kwafi sunadaran yi a mataki na qaddamarwa na kwafi. Wannan ba ka damar ci gaba da yawan plasmids a cikin m yawa. Don a kwayoyin iya sanin shi, su ne:

1. RNA da ciwon kishiyar polarity.
2. DNA - jerin (Iteron).
3. RNA da ciwon kishiyar polarity, da kuma sunadarai.

Wadannan hanyoyin tsarin sa da mita na sake sake da plasmids ciki da cell hawan keke, suka kuma rikodin wani sabawa daga na kullum mita.

Irin kwafi inji

Akwai uku sunadaran da kwafi na plasmids:

1. Theta inji kunshi unwinding lokaci 2 kewaye iyaye RNA kira share fage ga kowane tufka, da kwafi bada a kudi na karuwa daga cikin covalent irin PrNK a kan duka, sarƙoƙi da kira na da m DNA a kan iyayentaka sarkar haihuwarka. Duk da cewa da kira tsari faruwa a lokaci guda, daya daga cikin marũruwa ne shugaban, da kuma sauran ne a baya.
2. Canzawa sarkar - hijirar na sabuwar samar daya DNA sarkar na iyaye. A sakamakon wannan dabarar da aka kafa DNA guda sarkar siffofin da wani zobe irin da supercoiled DNA da sarƙa biyu. DNA daga daya sarkar za a mayar da daga baya.
3. Rolling da'irar kwafi inji - ne guda-stranded rata na DNA ta amfani da dan majalisa gina jiki. Wannan results a cikin wani 3`-OH kungiyar, wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin share fage. Wannan inji faruwa ta hanyar daban-daban m sunadaran cell, msl, a DNA helicase.

Halaye na watsa

Plasmids samu shiga cikin cell, ta amfani da daya daga hanyoyi biyu. A farko hanya - shi ne kafa lamba tsakanin cell da cell m, wanda ba ya dauke da plasmids sakamakon daga Tasrifu tsari. Akwai conjugative plasmids a kwayoyin cuta, gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau. Na farko hanya kuma ya hada da yada a lokacin transduction ko canji. Na biyu hanyar da aka yi artificially ta hanyar gabatar plasmids a cikin cell, da kwayoyin dole tsira da magana daga kwayoyin halittu na m Kwayoyin, Ina nufin Kwayoyin saya iyawa.

ayyuka

Aikin na plasmids kullum shi ne ya ba da rundunar cell musamman Properties. Wasu daga cikin su iya wuya tasiri cikin phenotypic halaye na maigidansa, yayin da wasu suke iya haddasa magana a kafofin watsa labarai Properties, ba shi da m zuwa wasu irin Kwayoyin. Wannan magabaci za ta dauki bakuncin cell ne mafi alhẽri a fuskanci m muhalli yanayi a wadda ta zaune. A cikin rashi na wannan plasmids ko cell ba zai girma da kuma ci gaba, ko kuma ba a duk za a rasa.

Plasmid - a multifunctional bangaren Kwayoyin. Sun yi wata babbar lamba na ayyuka:

1. Safarar kwayoyin bayanai a lokacin hanya na Tasrifu. Yawancin lokaci, shi ya sa F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye iko plasmid gina jiki kira, wanda zai kai ga mutuwar wasu kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne yafi wani Kanal-plasmids.
3. Hly-Fusion plasmid tsunduma hemolysin.
4. Sa juriya da sakamakon nauyi karafa.
5. R-plasmid - inganta juriya ga kwayoyin jamiái.
6. Ent-plasmid - damar haduwa enterotoxins.
7. Wasu daga cikin su kara mataki na jure UV radiation.
8. Plasmids mulkin mallaka antigens damar kwayan mannewa aukuwa a kan salula surface a cikin dabba jiki.
9. Wasu daga wakilainsu ne da alhakin sashe na DNA tufka, cewa shi ne, ƙuntatawa da kuma gyara.
10. Plasmids cam hanyar tsakiyan nonon yã kãsance kãfur ne, XYL xylene narkewar plasmid da plasmid Sal - salicylate.

A mafi karatu jinsunan

Mafi yawan mutane suna da kyau karatu da kaddarorin plasmid F, R kuma Kanar

F-plasmid - shi ne ya fi shahara kongativnaya plasmid. Shin wani episome, kunsha na mutum ɗari da dubu tushe biyu type. Yana yana da nasu batu na kwafi farko da hutu batu. Kamar sauran iri conjugative plasmids, tsunduma shigar da sunadarai iya antagonizing makala aiwatar pili sauran kwayan kwayoyin musamman cell bango.

Bayan daidaitaccen bayani da ya ƙunshi loci tra da trb, wanda shirya wani na kowa, na game operon dauke da ɗari da talatin da dubu huɗu tushe nau'i-nau'i. A genes located a cikin wannan operon, alhakin daban daban ne na Tasrifu.

R-plasmid (factor) - shi ne mai jigidar halittar DNA, kuma yana da wani annular siffar. DNA plasmids dauke da bayanai da cewa shi ne alhakin kwarara da kuma aiwatar da kwafi tsari da kuma canja wurin resistant Properties a cikin mai karɓa cell. Su ma sanin da matakin na cell juriya ga wasu maganin rigakafi. Wasu daga cikin R-plasmids ne conjugative. Transfer R-factor ne saboda misali transduction kuma cell division. Sun iya iya canjawa wuri tsakanin jinsuna daban daga juna, ko iyalansu.

Yana da wannan nau'i na plasmids sau da yawa yana sa matsaloli da magani daga kwayan cututtuka ta yin amfani da sannu san kwayoyin jamiái.

Kanal-plasmids ne alhakin kira na colicin - musamman gina jiki da za su iya hana matakai na ci gaba da haifuwa na kwayoyin cuta, sai dai da m.

Feature rarrabuwa

A duka rarrabuwa tsarin da aka gina a bisa wasu kaddarorin plasmids:

1. Hanyar for kwafi da ginshikai na yayyo.
2. A gaban wani na kowa kewayon kafofin watsa labarai.
3. Features kwafa lambar.
4. Topological halaye na plasmids.
5. Karfinsu.
6. Ya / conjugative plasmid.
7. A gaban wani alama gene located a kan plasmid.

Duk da haka, a cikin wani Hanyar rarrabuwa yana dauke da kwafi qaddamarwa batu.

Aikace-aikace na plasmids

plasmids aiki a lokacin da amfani da mutum ne mai Hanyar samar da wani cloned kwafin na DNA. Plasmids kansu aiki a matsayin mai vector. Ability don ba da damar kwafi na plasmids ka sake da recombinant DNA a cikin cell m. A tartsatsi amfani da suka samu a kayyade aikin injiniya. Wannan reshe na kimiyya plasmids aka halitta artificially for da canja wurin da kwayoyin irin bayanai ko wani manipulative mataki tare da kayyade abu.

A ra'ayi na wadannan salon salula aka gyara samu a cikin caca masana'antu ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids yi da aiki na musamman da abubuwa da suke iya goya musamman Properties na jiki. Yana da muhimmanci a san cewa wasan plasmids da kusan kõme ba yi da wani real. A wasan ya yi a cikin Genre maharbin da abubuwa RPG, kira Bioshock, plasmids ne a kayyade gyara na wasu Properties na jiki, da kuma canza su da hanyar bada superabilities.