Bincike na Moon. nazarin sararin samaniya. samu

Mutane ne ko da yaushe sha'awar sarari. Moon ne mafi kusa ga duniyar tamu, shi ne kawai wani sarari suKe jiki a kan wanda wani mutum ya ziyarci. Yadda za a fara binciken mu na tauraron dan adam, da kuma wanda ya lashe dabino a cikin saukowa a kan watã?

halitta da tauraron dan adam

Luna - a wani sarari suKe jiki da cewa accompanies duniya tamu da ƙarni. Yana ba emit haske, kuma kawai ya nuna shi. Watã ne wani tauraron dan adam na Duniya, wanda shi ne mafi kusa ga rãnã. A cikin sama da duniya tamu shi ne na biyu haske abu.

A ko yaushe muna ganin wannan gefe na watã saboda da cewa shi ne aiki tare da juyawa daga cikin Duniya ta juyawa a kusa da axis. The Moon motsa a kusa da Earth unevenly - aka motsi bãya, to, gabatowa ta. Babban zukatan duniya ya dade da aka racked su tarar da kwakwalwarmu a kan binciken na ta motsi. Wannan shi ne wani hadadden tsari da aka shafi flattening cikin ƙasa, kuma rãnã janye.

Game da yadda za watã kafa, masana kimiyya har yanzu jayayya. Akwai uku versions, daya daga wanda - da farko - An kaddamar bayan samun samfurori da Lunar gona. Ta kira da giant tasiri ka'idar. Ya dogara ne a kan zato cewa fiye da biliyan 4 da suka wuce, ya fuskanci biyu planetesimals kuma su balle barbashi makale a Duniya kewayewa ta samar da Moon a kan lokaci.

Wani ka'idar nuna cewa Duniya da na halitta da tauraron dan adam kafa saboda kura girgije a lokaci guda. Magoya bayan na uku ka'idar bayar da shawarar cewa watã tashi nisa daga Duniya, amma aka kama da wannan duniya tamu.

Da farko bincike na Moon

Ko a zamanin da, shi ne a wani sarari suKe jiki Haunted mutãne. A farko karatu na Moon kasance har yanzu a cikin II karni BC, Hipparchus, kokarin bayyana ta motsi, size da kuma nesa daga Earth.

A 1609 Galileo ƙirƙira da kawo nesa kusa, da kuma bincike na Moon (a kalla gani) da aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani sabon mataki. Sai ya zama, zai yiwu a nazarin da farfajiya mu da tauraron dan adam, duba ta craters da kuma duwãtsu. Alal misali, Dzhovanni Richchioli da aka yarda su haifar da daya daga cikin na farko Lunar maps a 1651. A lokacin da aka haife shi da kalmar "teku", na nuna da duhu yankunan da Lunar surface, craters da kuma fara kiransa bayan sanannen mutane.

A cikin XIX karni don taimaka Masana ilmin zo m cewa damar domin mafi m nazarin topography. Lyuis Rezerford, Warren de la Rue kuma Per Zhansen a daban-daban sau rayayye karatu Lunar surface tare da hotuna, da kuma karshen sanya ta "daukar hoto atalas."

Bincike na Moon. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar roka

A farko matakai na binciken kammala, da kuma ban sha'awa a cikin wata da ake samun tsananin zafi. A cikin XIX karni ƙãga farko da tunani na sarari tafiya zuwa tauraron dan adam, inda labarin zai fara bincike na Moon. Domin irin wannan jirgin ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar da na'urar, gudun wanda zai iya shawo kan nauyi. Sai ya juya daga cewa data kasance injuna ba su iko isa ya gwada da ake so gudun da kuma kula da shi. Matsalolin sun ma tare da motsi vector inji, kamar yadda bayan takeoff za su kewaye fitar da motsi da dama a kasa.

shi ya yanke shawara a 1903, lokacin da wani injiniya ne Ya halitta Tsiolkovsky roka aikin, iya shawo kan da gravitational filin da kuma isa ga manufa. Fuel kuna kasance a cikin farkon jirgin a cikin wani roka engine. Saboda haka, ta taro zama da yawa karami, da kuma motsi aka ɗauke da saki da makamashi.

Wanda ke da farko?

XX karni da aka alama ta manyan-sikelin soja events. All kimiyya m aka je zuwa wani soja hanya da kuma wani nazari na Moon ya rage gudu. Fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a shekarar 1946, da Cold War ya tilasta ilmin Taurari da kuma injiniyoyi zuwa tunanin sake game da sarari tafiya. Daya daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi a cikin kishi na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka sun wadannan: wanda shi ne ya fara kasa a kan watã?

Jagoranci a cikin yãƙi, domin bincike na da watã kuma m sarari tafi Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Oktoba 4, 1957 an sake ta farko wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam, da kuma bayan shekaru biyu zuwa Moon ya tafi da farko tashar sararin samaniya "Luna-1", ko kuma kamar yadda aka kira shi, "Dream" .

A Janairu 1959, da AMC - atomatik interplanetary tashar - dauki game da 6000 kilomita daga Moon, amma bai iya kasa. "Dream" samu a kan heliocentric madawwama biyu, zama da wucin gadi Sun tauraron dan adam. A lokacin da ta juyin juya halin a kusa da luminary ne 450 kwanaki.

Moon saukowa kasa, amma aka samu matukar muhimmanci da bayanai a kan m radiation bel na duniya tamu da hasken rana da iska. An gano cewa halitta da tauraron dan adam na karamin Magnetic filin.

Wadannan da kungiyar tarayyar a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1959, Amurka bayar Majagaba-4, wanda ya tashi 60,000 km daga watã, bugawa da hasken rana falaki.

Wannan nasara ta zo a kan 14 Satumba na wannan shekara, a lokacin da kumbon sama jannati "Luna 2" sanya wani "watã saukowa" a duniya ta farko. A tashar da babu depreciation, don haka saukowa ya wuya, amma gagarumin. Sanya shi "Luna 2" a kusa da Tekun ruwan sama.

A binciken da na Lunar expanses

Farko saukowa paved hanya domin kara bincike. Sakamakon "Luna 2" da aka aiko "Luna-3" to kewayewa da wani tauraron dan adam da kuma daukar hotuna daga "duhu gefe" daga cikin duniya. Moonlight katin ya zama mafi m, akwai bayyana sabon sunayen craters: Zhyul Vern, Kurchatov, Lobachevsky, Mendeleyev, Pasteur, Popov da sauransu.

A farko American tashar komai a fili a Duniya da tauraron dan adam ne kawai a 1962. Yana da aka Ranger Station-4, wanda ya auku a gefen da watã.

Next American "Rangers" da kuma Soviet "Moon" da "bincike" a nuna farmaki da cosmic expanses, sa'an nan yin telephoto Lunar surface, da guda na shi BREAKING. A farko taushi saukowa so tashar "Luna-9" a shekarar 1966 da kuma "Luna-10" zama na farko da tauraron dan adam na Moon. Skirting duniya 460 sau, "abokinsu da tauraron dan adam" karya dangane da duniya.

"Luna-9" watsa shirye-shirye a saki ta atomatik telecast. Tare da TV fuska Soviet kallo kallon harbi sanyi bari expanses.

The United States bi wannan hanya a matsayin cewa daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar. A 1967, Amirka tashar "Surveyer-1" sanya wani biyu taushi saukowa a cikin tarihi na astronautics.

Don watã kuma baya

Domin shekaru da dama da Soviet da kuma American masu bincike gudanar ya cimma baba misali nasara. M dare haske murna sani mutane da yawa ƙarni a matsayin babban zukatanku, kuma wani m romantic. Mataki-mataki, da Moon aka samun kusa da mafi m da mutane.

A gaba burin da aka ba kawai don aika wani tauraron dan adam tashar sararin samaniya, amma kuma ya mayar da ita baya ga Duniya. sabon kalubale da aka fuskantar da injiniyoyi. The na'urar da aka tashi baya, na yi shiga cikin yanayin duniya a ma m wani kwana, in ba haka ba zai ƙone. Too manyan wani kwana, a maimakon haka, zai haifar da wata irinta sakamako, kuma da na'ura sake zuwa tashi a sararin samaniya, ba kai da Duniya.

Matsalolin da k kwana an warware. A jerin na'urorin "Bincike" daga shekarar 1968 zuwa shekarar 1970 nasarar sanya jirgin tare da saukowa. "Zond-6" wani gwajin. Ya yi da su na yin wani tabbaci manufa cewa sai da shi zai iya kawo 'yan saman jannati matukan jirgi. Naúrar tashi a kan watã a nesa na 2,500 km, amma idan ya dawo zuwa Duniya da laima bude ma da wuri. A tashar da aka karya, da kuma jirgin na 'yan saman jannati an soke.

Amirkawa kan Moon: na farko lunoprohodtsy

Steppe kunkuru ta ke farko orbited da watã kuma koma duniya. Animal aika zuwa sarari jirgin a kan Soviet jirgin "Zond-5" a 1968.

A bayyane yake lagging bayan da Amurka a cikin ci gaban da Lunar expanses, saboda dukan abin da yake na farko nasarorin da Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1961, shugaba Kennedy States sanya wani ƙarfi sanarwa game da abin da zai faru a 1970 watã saukowa hakkin. Kuma Amirkawa za su yi da shi.

da ake bukata a shirya wani m asa ga aiwatar da irin wannan shiri. Karatu hotuna Lunar surface motocin sanya "Ranger", bincika mahaukaci mamaki da watã.

Domin manned sarari jirgin shirin "Apollo" da aka bude, wanda dadin lissafi da yanayin da jirgin zuwa Moon, ya yi ta Ukrainian Yuri Kondratyuk. Daga bisani, wannan yanayin da aka kira "Kondratyuk da waƙa."

"Apollo-8" sanya wani farko gwajin manned jirgin ba tare da saukowa. F. Borman, William Anders, Yahaya. Lovell sanya 'yan laps kewaye da na halitta da tauraron dan adam, da yin harbi wuri domin a nan gaba balaguro. T. kuma J. Stafford. Sun cikin "Apollo 10" aiwatar da jirgin a kusa da biyu da tauraron dan adam. A 'yan saman jannati da aka rabu da abin hawa naúra da kuma zauna a kilomita 15 daga watã kadai.

Bayan duk da shirye-shirye, ya karshe an aika zuwa "Apollo 11". Amurkawa komai a fili a kan watã Yuli 21, 1969 kusa da Tekun natsuwarSa. A mataki na farko sanya ta Neil Armstrong, shi da aka bi da Edwin Aldrin. A 'yan saman jannati zauna a cikin halitta da tauraron dan adam na 21.5 hours.

kara nazarin

Da zarar Armstrong da Aldrin tafi zuwa ga watã 5 more kimiyya expeditions. Karshe lokacin da 'yan saman jannati a kan komai a fili da watã ta surface a shekara ta 1972. Domin duk tarihin 'yan adam ne kawai a wadannan expeditions mutane komai a fili a kan sauran sarari abubuwa.

Tarayyar Soviet ba watsi da nazarin surface na halitta da tauraron dan adam. Tun shekarar 1970, sai aka aika zuwa rediyo da "Lunokhod" 1st da 2nd jerin. Lunokhod a kan Moon tattara ƙasa samfurori da kuma hoton taimako.

A shekarar 2013, kasar Sin ta zama na uku kasar, wanda ya kai mu da tauraron dan adam, ya yi taushi saukowa amfani a Lunar Rover "Yuytu".

ƙarshe

Halitta da tauraron dan adam na Duniya na dogon lokaci shi ne m abu na binciken. A XX karni da ci gaban da Moon daga kimiyya bincike ya zama sweaty siyasa tseren. Don tafiya a kan an yi da yawa. Yanzu da Moon ne mafi karatu astronomical abubuwa, wanda, haka ma, kasance wani mutum.