Phenol Shiri: The main hanyoyi

Phenol ne a colorless m crystal tsarin da sosai musamman wari. Wannan abu ne yadu amfani a cikin yi da daban-daban dyes, robobi da kuma daban-daban roba zaruruwa (kagaggun nailan). Kafin ci gaban da petrochemical masana'antu a samar da phenol aka za'ayi na musamman daga ci kwalta. Hakika, wannan hanya ya ba su iya rufe dukkan bukatun wani booming masana'antu a phenol, wanda ya zama yanzu wani muhimmin bangaren kusan duk abubuwan da suke kewaye da mu.

Phenol, da shirye-shiryen abin da ya zama wani larura saboda zuwan musamman m iri-iri na sabon kayan da abubuwa da muhimmanci sashi wadda aka yi amfani da kira na phenol-formaldehyde guduro. Kuma ta, bi da bi, shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da phenolics. Har ila yau, babban adadin phenol ne tuba zuwa cikin cyclohexanol ake bukata domin samar da roba zaruruwa a masana'antu sikelin.

Wani muhimmin yanki na aikace-aikace na phenol za a iya ware samar cresol cakuda, wadda aka hada kreozolformadelgidnuyu guduro amfani Manufacturing a jam'i na likitanci da kwayoyi, magunguna iri iri da kuma antioxidants. Saboda haka, samun phenol a yau a cikin manyan yawa ne wani muhimmin aiki na petrochemicals. Riga ɓullo da wani yawa hanyoyin samar da wannan abu a isa yawa. Bari mu bincika babban rabo.

A mafi tsufa da kuma tabbatar Hanyar ne mai Hanyar dab da wani Alkali, wanda aka halin high amfani da sulfuric acid don sulfonation na benzene kuma caustic bi ta fusing su benzolsulfonatrievuyu gishiri, daga abin da abu kai tsaye da kuma tsaye. A shirye-shiryen da phenol da chlorination na benzene, bi da chlorobenzene saponification da sodium hydroxide profitably kawai a cikin taron da manyan yawa na cheap makamashi ake bukata domin samar da chlorine da caustic. Babban disadvantages na wannan dabara - bukatar haifar da babban matsin (ba kasa da ɗari uku atmospheres) da kuma sosai babba mataki na lalata da kayan aiki.

A mafi zamani Hanyar don samar da wani phenol da bazuwar na cumene hydroperoxide. Duk da haka, da kasafi makirci na so fili ne quite hadaddun, tun da shi ya kira domin pre-samar da hydroperoxide alkylation aiwatar da benzene propylene bayani. Bugu da ari, fasahar samar da ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin sakamakon isopropyl iska cakuda samar da wata hydroperoxide. Kamar yadda wani m factor na wannan dabara za a iya lura a layi daya tare da shiri na phenol wani muhimmin al'amari - acetone.

Akwai kuma wani hanya ne na raba phenol daga coking da carbonization guduro m man fetur da kayayyakin. Wannan hanya ita ce dole ba ne kawai don nuna muhimmanci da phenol, amma kuma inganta ingancin daban-daban hydrocarbon kayayyakin. Daya daga cikin kaddarorin da phenol ne mai azumi hadawan abu da iskar shaka, wadda take kaiwa zuwa kara tsufa da kuma samuwar mai cikinta danko sosai kwalta-kamar kasarun adadi.

Amma mafi zamani da kuma labari Hanyar cimma petrochemical masana'antu ne kafin su sami phenol daga benzene da kai tsaye hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta nitrous oxide. Dukan tsari aka yi a musamman adiabatic reactor, cikinsa da mai kara kuzari ne zeolite. A farko nitrous oxide samar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia da iska ko kadaici da adipic acid. More daidai, da ta gefen kayayyakin kafa a lokacin kira. Wannan fasaha ne iya samun sosai m phenol tare da m total abun ciki na impurities.