Paul 1: ciki da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin, ta sarautar

Tarihi 1 Paul fara gaske da gaskiya cewa Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, kafin aure ya Bitrus, mai girma da kuma Catherine da farko (wanda asali ya kamata su kasance cikin Baltic baƙauye), ba tare da wani na da 'ya'ya, gayyace a nan gaba Uba Pavel Rasha. Su aka haifa a Jamus birnin Kiel, KP Ulrih Golshteyn-Gottorp, Duke samu a baftisma da sunan Bitrus. Wannan goma sha huɗu (a lokacin da gayyatar), saurayin ya da dan wa na Elizabeth da kuma yana da hakkin ya duka biyu da Yaren mutanen Sweden da kuma Rasha kursiyin.

Wa ya haifi Paul na - wani asiri

Tsar Paul 1, kamar dukan mutane, ba zai iya zabi iyayensu. Ya nan gaba uwa zo a Rasha daga Prussia yana da shekaru 15 da shekaru, a kan shawarwarin na Frederick II, kamar yadda wani m amarya ga Duke Ulrich. Akwai ta samu da sunan Orthodox Ekaterina (Alekseevna), aka yi aure a 1745 da kuma kawai shekaru tara daga baya ta haifi ɗa, Paul. Tarihi ya bar wani raba ra'ayi game da yiwu haifi Paul da farko. Wasu sun gaskata cewa Catherine ƙi mijinta, don haka ubanci ne aka yaba lover Sergei Saltykov Catherine. Wasu yi imani da cewa mahaifinsa kuwa har yanzu Ulrich (Peter III), tun a can ne bayyananne kuma wani hoto kama, amma shi ne ma sane da Catherine ta karfi qiyayyarsu ga danta, wanda zai taso daga ƙiyayya ga mahaifinsa. Bulus bai son uwarsa, ma, cikin ransa. Paul kayyade jarrabawa na saura ba tukuna aka yi, saboda haka daidai kafa ubanci na Rasha tsar ba zai yiwu.

A haihuwa aka yi bikin a ko'ina cikin shekara

A nan gaba Sarkin sarakuna Paul 1 yaro hana iyayentaka soyayya da kuma kulawa, kamar yadda kakarsa Elizabeth, nan da nan bayan an haifeshi, ya dauki Catherine ta dan da mika su ga kula da ma'aikatan aikin jinya, da kuma malamai. Ya kasance mai tsawo-awaited yaro ga dukan ƙasar, saboda bayan Bitrus mai girma Rasha autocrats sun matsaloli tare da ci gaba da ikon saboda da rashin maye. Festivals da wasan wuta a kan haihuwarsa a Rasha dade na shekara.

A farko wanda aka azabtar da wani fada hadin kai

Elizabeth koma godiya ga Catherine for ciwon baby ne sosai babban Jimlar - 100 dubu rubles, amma uwar nuna da danta kawai watanni shida bayan haihuwa. Saboda da rashin uwa a nan kusa da wawanci ma himma sabis na ma'aikatansa, Paul 1, cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin ba daban-daban ma'ana a nan gaba, da na girma sosai impressionable, mai raɗaɗi, kuma jijiya-wracking. A shekaru 8 da haihuwa (a 1862), da matasa prince rasa mahaifinsa, wanda ya zo da iko a 1861, bayan mutuwar Elizabeth, an kashe a shekara daga baya a wani fada hadin kai.

Fiye da shekaru talatin kenan kafin doka dalĩli

Tsar Paul 1 ya na da lokacin da wani sosai nagari ilimi, wanda shekaru da yawa ya ba zai iya saka a cikin yi. A shekaru hudu, ko da a karkashin Elizabeth, ya aka sanar da karatu da rubutu, sa'an nan ya ƙware da dama kasashen waje harsuna, ilmi na lissafi, shafi sciences, da kuma tarihi. Daga malamai sun F. Behteev, S. Poroshin, Panin, da kuma da dokokin da ya jirgin kasa nan gaba Lardi na Moskovskiy Platon. Matsayina na ɗan fari Paul ya riga a 1862 yana da hakkin ya kursiyin, amma mahaifiyarsa, maimakon regency, ta zo don ta ikon da taimakon masu gadi, ya ayyana kanta Catherine II da sharudda 34 shekaru.

Paul 1 A Sarkin sarakuna da aka yi aure sau biyu. A karo na farko - a cikin shekaru 19 Augustin-Wilhelmina (Natalia Alekseevna), wanda ya mutu tare da jariri a lokacin haihuwa. A karo na biyu - a cikin shekara da mutuwar matarsa ta farko (kamar yadda Catherine ta nema) Sophia-Augusta-Louise vyurtemberskoy gimbiya (Maria Feodorovna), wanda zai ba ta haifi yara goma, Paul. Da mazan yara su wahala daga wannan rabo a matsayin shi - za su yi don su da ilimi mulki kaka, da kuma shi ne rare ganin su. Bugu da kari ga yara haifa a cikin coci aure, Paul Simon shi ne dan farko da soyayya - bawa na girmamawa Sofi Ushakovoy da kuma 'yar L. Bagart.

Uwarsa so su rabu da shi daga kursiyinsa

1 Pavel Romanov hau gadon sarautar yana da shekaru 42, bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa (Catherine rasu a bugun jini) a cikin Nuwamba 1796. A wannan lokaci ya yi da wani sa na halaye da kuma halaye da cewa dabaibaye nan gaba da kuma nan gaba na Rasha har 1801. Goma sha uku shekaru kafin mutuwar Catherine, a 1783, shi ya rage zuwa m dangantaka da shi da uwa tasa (aka ce cewa tana son ta rabu da shi na dama a kan karaga) da kuma Pavlovsk fara gina da kansa model na na'ura jihar. A cikin shekaru 30 da shekaru, Catherine ta nema, ya familiarized kansa da ayyukan Voltaire, Hume, Montesquieu, da dai sauransu A sakamakon ra'ayinsa ya da wadannan :. A jihar ya zama "ni'ima ga kowa da kowa da kuma ga dukan," amma kawai idan monarchical nau'i na gwamnati.

Hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen Turai a zamanin

A lokaci guda a Gatchina, shafe ta a lokacin da lokuta, nan gaba sarki aka tsunduma a horar da soja battalions. Kaunarsa, a cikin hanyar soja horo da kuma a bangare zai ƙayyade abin da za a yi da kasashen waje Politika Pavla 1. A nufin ne quite m, idan aka kwatanta da lokacin Catherine mai girma, amma maloposledovatelnoy. Paul farko suka yi yaƙi da juyin juya halin Musulunci France (tare da sa hannu na Suvorova A. V.), tare da Birtaniya, Turkey, Austria, da dai sauransu, sa'an nan ya karya da ƙawance da Austria da kuma janye sojoji daga kasashen Turai. Kokarin tafi a kan wani balaguro tare da Birtaniya da Netherlands sun kasance m.

1 Paul kare Order of Malta

Da zarar a 1799 Bonaparte a Faransa, mayar da hankali a hannunsa duk da ikon da alama na yaduwar juyin juya halin iri na, sai ya fara duba ga majibintanku a cikin sauran jihohin. Kuma ina same su, ciki har da a fuskar Rasha Sarkin sarakuna. A wannan lokacin, Faransa da aka tattauna tare da hadin gwiwa navies a hade. Harkokin waje Politika Pavla 1 a cikin lokaci zuwa karshen mulkinsa aka alaka da karshe samuwar kungiyar hadin kan kasar Birtaniya, wanda ya zama ma m nuna hali, a cikin tẽku (farmaki Malta, yayin da Paul ya Grand Jagora na Order of Malta). Saboda haka, a 1800 tsakanin Rasha da kasashen Turai da dama an alliance cewa jagoranci da Ingila siyasa na amfani da makamai neutrality.

Utopian soja ayyukan

Paul 1, cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin da aka ba ko da yaushe gane ko da ayarinsa, so su ji masa rauni Birtaniya da kuma ta Indiya dũkiyarku a wancan lokacin. Ya aika wani balaguro zuwa Asiya ta tsakiya daga cikin Don dakarun (game da 22.500 mutane), da kuma kafa da aiki da suka kasance sunã yi, a yankin na Indus da ganges, da kuma "gaji da damuwa" da turanci a can, ba tare da m da wadanda suke hamayya da Birtaniya. By lokacin shi bai wanzu ko da taswirar wurin, don haka a yaƙin neman zaɓe a Indiya da aka kare a 1801, bayan mutuwar Paul, da kuma sojojin da aka komo daga matakan kusa Astrakhan, inda suka yi riga ya kai.

A zamanin mulkin Paul 1 alama da cewa a cikin shekaru biyar a ƙasar Rasha ba waje mamayar da aka za'ayi, amma kuma da samu ba sanya wani. Bugu da kari, da sarki, kula da bukatun da Knights na Malta, kusan ya jefa kasar cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da karfi na sojan ruwa ikon lokacin - Ingila. Birtaniya iya kasance ya fi muhimmanci makiya, yayin da babban juyayi ya ji for Prussia, idan akai la'akari da kungiyar daga cikin sojojin da suke zaune a waɗannan ƙasashe ta manufa (wanda ba abin mamaki ba ta asalin).

Rage jama'a bashi wuta

Domestic Politika Pavla 1 da aka kaddamar a kokarin inganta rayuwarsu da kuma bunkasa domin a Rasha gaskiya. A takaice, ya yi imani da cewa taskar nasa ne da kasar, da kuma ba su da shi da kaina, kamar yadda wani sarki. Saboda haka ya ba da wani domin narke tsabar kudi a azurfa buga wasu daga cikin Winter Palace da kuma ƙone ɓangare na takarda kudi na miliyan biyu da rubles don rage jama'a bashi. Ya kasance mafi bude ga mutane fiye da magabata, da kuma mabiya da Posting a kan shinge na fada akwatin aika da ro jawabi ga shi, wanda sau da yawa fadi caricatures na sarki da kansa, da kuma lampoons.

M bikin tare da gawawwaki

Paul ta sarautar aka alama ta 1 da kuma sake fasalin a cikin sojojin, inda ya gabatar da wani guda tsari, da dokoki, da hadaden m, imani da cewa a lokacin mahaifiyarsa ta sojojin ba wani shugaban sojoji, da kawai jama'a. A general, masana tarihi yi imani da cewa da yawa daga abin da Bulus ya yi, ya yi wa duk ya marigayin mahaifiyarsa. Akwai ma fiye da m abubuwan da ke faruwa. Ga misali, ya zo da iko, sai ya riƙi daga kabari ragowar ta kashe mahaifin Peter III. Sa'an nan sokoronoval tokar da mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa ta gawar, ajiye wani kambi a kan mahaifinsa akwatin gawa, yayin da matarsa, Maria Fyodorovna sa wani kambi a kan matattu Catherine. Bayan haka, biyu makarar da aka hawa zuwa Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral, kisa na Bitrus III, Count Orlov, ɗaukar masa akwatin gawa a gaban fadar kambi. Ragowar da aka binne shi, isharar ranar jana'izata.

Paul 1, a lokacin wanda sarautar da aka short-rayu, saboda rashin fahimtar irin wannan ayyuka tsiwirwirinsu yawa. Kuma da sababbin abubuwa gabatar da shi a fagage daban-daban ba sa da goyon bayan da yanayi. Sarkin sarakuna nema daga duk da aikinsu. Known labarin, lokacin da ya ba shi sunan jami'in da ma'ana a gare farko shi kadai ne ba dauke da soja ammonium. Bayan da irin wannan lokuta, da horo da dakarun fara ƙara. Hard umarni kokarin qarfafa Paul kuma farar hula, yawan, a ban a kan saka wasu styles na dress da wuya lalacewa abubuwa Jamus samfurin wani musamman launi tare da wani ba size abin wuya.

Domestic siyasa 1 Paul shãfe da kuma ilimi, wanda, a matsayin sa ran, ya kasance instrumental a inganta halin da ake ciki na Rasha harshe. Bayan Accession zuwa kursiyin sarki haramta florid phrases, ordering sadarwa a rubutu sosai a fili da kuma kawai. Ya saukar da Faransa tasiri a Rasha jama'a da banning littattafai a cikin wannan harshe (neman sauyi, kamar yadda ya yi imani), ya hana ko wasa cards. Bugu da kari, a lokacin mulkinsa, an yanke shawarar bude da yawa makarantu da kwalejoji, don mayar da University of Dorpat, bude Medico-M Academy a St. Petersburg. Daga cikin sahabbansa sun kasance kamar ciki hali, kamar Arakcheev, kuma G. Derzhavin, A. Suvorov, N. Saltykov, Speransky da sauransu.

Kamar yadda Sarkin manoma taimaka

Duk da haka, Paul 1, a lokacin wanda sarautar - 1796-1801, ya fi mutane suke so fiye da rare daga Sahaban. Kula da manoma, wanda ya sh dauke da breadwinners dukan sauran azuzuwan al'umma, ya gabatar da uku-rana serfdom kuma warware manoman daga aiki a ranar Lahadi. A wannan hanya ya kõma da fushi daga gidan haya, misali, a Rasha, da kuma damunsu na manoma a cikin Ukraine, inda serfdom a lokacin da aka ba, amma ta bayyana kwanaki uku. A gonaki sun m tare da ban da kuma raba baƙauye iyalai a lokacin da sale, haramta na m-magani, da kau da aikinsu daga manoma, don ci gaba da dawakai ga sojojin da kuma sayar da su a rage farashin burodi da kuma gishiri daga jihar hannun jari. Paul 1, cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin wanda ya saba, a lokaci guda ya umarci manoma su yi biyayya da dukkan gonaki karkashin tsoron azaba.

Ƙeta na gata na nobility

Rasha autocrat komowa tsakanin haramci da izini da zai sun sa m kisan Paul 1. Ya rufe dukkan masu zaman kansu bugu gidan, cewa babu damar don yada ra'ayoyi da Faransa juyin juya halin, amma shi ya ba da tsari ga Faransa high-ranking manyanmu kamar Prince of Conde, ko nan gaba Ludwig Takwas . Ya dakatar da kofur azãba ga nobility, amma ya gabatar a gare su su yi biyayya da ashirin rubles wani rai da kuma wani haraji ga kiyaye karamar.

Short-lokaci sarautar Paul 1 hada da abubuwan da suka faru kamar na ban kan murabus daga manya, wanda ya yi aiki kasa da shekara guda, da ban a samar na gama koke-koke nobility, na kauda tashe nobility taro a larduna, lawsuits da manya, wanda kauce masa sabis. Sarkin sarakuna kuma yarda da jihar manoma rubuce a cikin burghers da kuma 'yan kasuwa, wanda ya sa rashin biyan bukata na karshen.

A gaskiya kafa kare kiwo a Rasha

Abin da ayyukansu ko da sanya tarihi 1 Paul, cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin shi ne - shi ke kishin sikelin rikirkida? A Rasha Tsar yarda da gina haikali na Old mu'mini bangaskiya (ko'ina), gafarta da Dogayen sanda, suka halarci a cikin tawaye Kosciuszko, ya fara sayen kasashen waje, sabon breeds na karnuka, da na tumaki, kafa, a gaskiya, kare. Yana da muhimmanci da kuma dokar mayẽwa, wanda cire yiwuwar hawan Yesu zuwa sama zuwa kursiyin mata da kuma tabbatar da hanya ga regency.

Duk da haka, tare da duk wadancan abubuwan, da sarki ya saba yinsu daga cikin mutanen da halitta preconditions ga maimaita yunkurin a kan ransa. Paul 1 A kisan da aka aikata ta hanyar jami'an, da dama, regiments a watan Maris 1801. An yi imani da cewa ƙulla makirci a cikin sarki tallafi da gwamnatin Birtaniya, wanda ba ya so Rasha don ƙarfafa Maltese yankin. Hannu a cikin ayyuka na 'ya'yansa maza ba a tabbatar ba, amma a cikin karni na 19th, wasu gazawar da binciken a Rasha a zamanin mulkin sarki da aka gabatar.