Oberiuty - shi ne ... Literary Group "Hada real art"

Art, kamar kimiyya, ya taba tsaya cik, da kuma hujja da cewa zai iya bauta wa ba kawai da nasarorin da artists na zamaninmu. A farkon karni na ashirin, jama'a ya barranta da yawa daga cikin tushe na tsohon rayuwa, wannan Trend ne duk da fushinsu, a-dokokin, a social trends kuma, ba shakka, a cikin wallafe-wallafe. A wannan bangare daya daga cikin mafi sabon abu da kuma m, a cikin lokacin da suka oberiuty. Wannan irin ƙungiya daga marubutan wanda gaba daya watsi da gargajiya siffofin art, kuma yanzu za mu fahimci cewa sun kai matsayin da a canza.

Saba da kungiyar da ta aikin

Saboda haka poetic ƙungiya kira Oberiu samo asali a cikin Soviet Rasha, a Birnin Leningrad. Janairu 24, 1928 a cikin House of the Press gudanar da wani taro, da ake kira "Three hours bar ', duka mahalarta suka sanar da shigarwa cikin alkuki na" hagu "art. Wannan raguwa tsaye ga "Hada real Art", harafin "u" yana kara a nan kawai a matsayin kari. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa wannan yanki ya nuna da Outlook data kasida. A wannan rana kuma da aka buga na farko (kuma na karshe) manifesto saitin fitar da kin amincewa da al'ada siffofin art da kuma samar da sabon wallafe-wallafen views. Daga yanzu, kerawa oberiutov zama wani avant-garde, a cikin waka akwai wani sabon ma'anar, wanda aka mayar da hankali a kan rayuwa da sauran duniya al'amurran da suka shafi mutane.

Tarihi na halitta

Oberiuty - a gama sunan, wanda aka hukumance tanada kasida a 1928, amma ya kamata a ce cewa wadannan trends bayyana a cikin adabi da kyau kafin wannan lokaci. Fara kafa da kungiyar asusun for 1925, lokacin da kasida Harms, Vvedensky, Z da Bakhterev sõyayya a karkashin pseudonym da "Chinar". A shekara daga baya, da sunan da aka canza zuwa "hagu reshe", kuma har yanzu baya da aka canza zuwa "da Academy bar litattafansu." A 1928, da yamma na ranar 24 ga Janairu, a cikin Haikalin Danna kasance wani taro na "Three hours bar" a cikin abin da sunan karshe an zaba - "Poets oberiuty" da kuma aka sanya wa jerin mahalarta.

• Da farko hour - mawãƙa shiga kungiyar: A. Vvedensky, N. Z, D. Harms, J. Bakhterev, K. farji.
• Na biyu hour - daga cikin play dangane da labarin "Elizaveta Bam zuwa" wanda ya rubuta Daniil Kharms.
• The uku hour - don duba saka film "yanki da kuma Dan Lido", wanda Ya halitta Alexander Razumovsky.

Wakilan da kuma magoya bayan na avant-garde art

Tarin "Three hours bar" Oberiu daftarin aiki da zuciyar harsashinsa. Daga baya kafa wani ɓangare na wanda mambobi a hukumance shiga cikin kungiyar. Saboda haka, tun 1928 oberiuty - shi ne D. Harms, J. Bakhterev, K. Vaginov Vvedensky, N. Z, Yu Vladimirov da Doyvber Levin. The aiki na wadannan maza da aka dogara ne da farko a kan gazawar da "abstruse" harshen daga hadaddun wallafe-wallafen juyin da kuma receptions. A core sa da grotesque, m kuma illogic. Hakika, a bainar jama'a a taro irin wannan halin sa wani mummunan dauki, musamman ma a cikin kasar ta yanke hukuncin Elite. Duk da haka, a cikin m mutane kungiyar oberiutov samu goyon baya. Raba su m ra'ayoyi iya: marubuci Evgeniy Shvarts, mawãƙi Nikolay Oleynikov, da philologist Nikolai Khardzhiev masana falsafa Leonid Lipavsky da Yakov Druskin. Support da aka samu a kan wani ɓangare na artists: Pavel Mansurov, Kazimir Malevich, Pavel Filonov, Vladimir Sterligov da canoes al'umma MAI, artist Alisa Poret da Tatiana Glebova.

falsafa

A cikin manifesto marubuta oberiuty fili ya fada cewa: "Wãne ne mu? Me mu ... Mu ne - kasida da sabon art da wani sabon hali. Ma'anar art da kuma kalmomi a cikin kerawa zurfafa da kuma dada tsere ma da yawa, amma ba a hallaka. Duk wani abu da fari an tsabtace daga husk, da wallafe-wallafen da kuma yau da kullum, da kuma kawai bayan zama wata halitta. "

Karfi ga kasida fara ka'idojin kamar rashin dabaru, jawabin da harshen munanan, nau'in kurakurai, fragmented, ko samooproverzhenie Dangantakar. Jigon wannan zamba ne cewa kowane m yanki na rubutu su ɓãta baya daya, wanda, bi da bi, ba su tafi ba. Kamar yadda wani misali ba za mu iya la'akari da labarin "The Blue Notebook No. 10," wanda ya rubuta Daniil Kharms. Fara shi kamar haka: "Akwai wani ja-masu gashi mutumin ...." Bayan da ya zama sananne cewa wannan mutumin yana da wani gashi, babu kunnuwa, ba hanci - kome ba.

"A karo na biyar darajar"

Writers an san cewa akwai huɗu da dabi'u na magana, ciki har da wani tunanin, siffatawa, da kuma so na ado. Duk da haka, ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar wani abu da zai tabbatar da sosai wanzuwar abu - don haka nuna oberiuty. Wannan ya kamata ya zama wani darajar da cewa zai 'yantar da wani abu daga daban-daban matukar dangantakar da zai sa shi m. A ka'idar, wannan al'amari ne da wuya a gane, saboda wannan aikin dogara ne a kan m ka'idar, don haka yanzu za mu dubi wani takamaiman misali. Vvedensky waka "Ga tip na wasiƙa dauki, kuma ina rãyar da kasa hukuma" a fili yana nuna mana gaban "biyar dabi'u." A nan, wata magana za a iya daukarsa a matsayin mai raba batu da kuma abu, bi da bi, a matsayin mai raba kalma.

halittar

Oberiutov gwaje-gwajen a adabi suna quite bambanta a cikin m. Kowane guda marubucin yana da su "kwakwalwan kwamfuta", ya style da shugabanci. Kawo tare kasida, watakila, da tartsatsi rashin dabaru, wanda gaba daya halakar da stereotypes na wallafe-wallafe. A irin wannan Trend sa mu dubi babban hoto ta hanyar da Prism na grotesque, ga shi quite daban fiye da classic version. Bugu da kari, babu wani jerin al'amuran, sabon abu da wallafe-wallafen da na'urorin da yawa "kurakurai" yi karatu ta mallaka kwakwalwa to daidaita dukan sassa na overall hoto. To, yanzu yana da lokaci don samun matsahi na saba da fasali na kerawa na daya daga cikin mafi shahararren wakilan wannan rukuni na marubuta.

Alexander Vvedensky - mawãƙi oberiutov

Wannan marubuci shi ne mafi fice a tsakanin wakilai daga wannan halin yanzu, da kuma duk godiya ga cewa aikinsa kusa yadda ya kamata zuwa ga litattafansu da haske ji. Yafi Vvedenskii aiki tare da tsarin da harshen da kanta. HalittunSa ne da aka saba girma (as Pushkin, misali), ba su da wani hadadden Daddy, dangling phrases da arcane sharuddan. Ƙamus sauki magana alamu sosai na kowa kalmomi rhyme painfully sauki, kuma yana da sauki tuna. Da alama ya zama m cikin waqoqi, daidai da fili, amma wani abu elusive sa mai karatu karshe gane abin da aka faruwa. Gaskiyar cewa mawãƙi yana amfani da wata gaba daya m jũya daga magana, sai ya tara kalmomin da cewa ya taba kafin ya tsaya tare, game da shi, kafa neformuliruemy elusive ma'anar.

Alas, shi ya lamentable kujera

A kan kujera ya zauna aul

A da shi ya zauna a manyan haƙuri,

Ya zauna tare da mayar da rai.

Ya ga kogi da kuma cikin gandun daji,

Ina rushes Sturt fox.

Harms

Halittar mawãƙi, amma kasa rare fiye da baya daya, ta dogara ne da farko a kan na ginin jumla maganar banza. A fannoni da dama, kama da Daniil Kharms, Vvedensky - ya ma hadawa incongruous da juna kalmomi, halitta wani mafarki da ma'anar. Karanta ya waqe, da farko duba, ga alama cewa duk abin da ya bayyana a sarari, kuma m. Amma da zaran ka gama na karshe line abun ciki da aka rasa, shi wajibi ne don sake karanta, fiye da sau daya, domin su kama ko da sa'a guda daga abin da marubucin da aka ƙoƙarin kai. A na biyu alama, wanda aka halin kerawa Harms - shi ne "maganar banza." Yana halitta sabon kalmomi, shigar da su a cikin waka, da kuma gano waɗanda suke a cikin wani musamman line, yana yiwuwa ya tsammani su da ma'ana.

Ina tafiya tare da fadama a cikin hunturu
A galoshes,
A hat
Kuma da tabarau.
Nan da nan, da kogin share wani
a kan karfe
hooks.

Na yi gudu zuwa kogin nan da nan,
Kuma ya tashi a guje a cikin dazuzzuka,
Don ƙafafun a haɗe Na katakai biyu,
crouched
bounced
Kuma ya bace.

litattafan Harms

Wannan oberiutov ada a cikin lokaci, ba kawai a matsayin wani mawãƙi amma kuma a matsayin marubuci na kwaikwaiyo da kuma gajeren labaru. Kamar yadda oberiutov shayari, litattafan Harms sa m hali da aka dogara ne a kan m phrases, abubuwan da suke ba da alaka da juna, da kuma m canje-canje na halayya. A sananne fasalin da ya labarai zama gidan batutuwa. Grotesque kawo yanayi daban-daban da zai iya faruwa a cikin kantin sayar da a tashar jirgin kasa, a lokacin abincin dare ko na zaman taron. Duk wani tattaunawa a cikin ayyukan mawallafa wakilci a wani salo da cewa yana da wani sunan, amma a fili akasin mu saba style of gabatar.

Nikolay Zabolotsky

Z ta wallafe-wallafen halittun hada sabon abu da kuma ko da wani bit m metaphors, wanda ake, duk da haka, suna tattare a cikin wani fili ma'anar. Samun karanta waka zuwa karshen, mai karatu shi ne sane da yanayi da kuma abu, ya gane abin da aka aika zuwa da alƙalami da marubucin. Duk da haka, aikin da kanta ne a zahiri sunã zubar da hyperbole, kwatancen atypical, anthropomorphic ba kawai dabbobi, amma kuma yau da kullum abubuwa, na halitta mamaki. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa karshe tunani ko ma'anar ayar ba ko da yaushe ake iya faɗi. Z ayyukan ne tare da waɗanda za su ci gaba da ku a cikin jinkirtar har karshe lokacin, da kuma kawai a karshen za ka iya fahimtar abin da aka rubuta duk mafi girma na ginin jumla form.

Duba: Ba na rawa, ba wani dodo,
A nan, da dare tafiya a bazuwar,
Ga ruwan inabi ne unrecognizable,
Tashi aku dariya.

Nikolay Oleynikov

Poetry na oberiutov yana da matukar zurfi da kuma quite ilhama ji ga mai karatu. Duk da Misalin, misãli da symbolism, marubucin da basira ake bayyana jigon wa tunani da kuma suranta shi a cikin wani sauki rhymed drains. Sun fi mayar da Oleinikova aiki za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai parody, a cikin abin da ya ridicules da daban-daban kasawan mutane ko tsarin, ko ya nuna mana ba daidai ba gefen da rai, kiwata muhimmanci sosai tambayoyi, har ma da ban tausayi. A mafi daukan hankali na ayyukan da ya yi yana dauke da wani "kyankyaso". Wannan waka, wanda ya gaya mana game da ban tausayi rabo daga cikin kwari, wanda ya kasance batun ga gwaje-gwajen. Kyankyaso bai isa a kula da mutane, amma marubucin ya gaya mana cewa shi ma wani rai, ma, yana da wani rai da kuma yana so ya zauna.

- A kyankyaso zaune a cikin ƙarau,
Kafar jan gashi tsotsa.
Ya aka kama. Ya aka kama a tarko.
Kuma yanzu ya ke jiran kisa.

- Kyankyaso guga man da gilashi

Kuma neman, breathlessly.

Ya za su ji tsoron wani mutuwa,
Idan na san cewa akwai wani rai ...

zargi Sahaban

A zama na da ƙungiyoyi na real art jeopardize da sabon siyasa da zamantakewa yayi na Soviet Rasha. A Birnin Leningrad, manyan bugu gidajen kungiya samu da yawa refusals, latsa ne shiru game da su zama, kuma daga baya ya kira cin amanar, abokan gaba da kuma 'yan leƙen asirin. A 1930, ta wuce ta karshe jama'a bayyanar, a kan wanda ayoyin da aka karanta oberiutov, kazalika da nisha shirin featuring masihirci Pastukhov. A girmama shi zo a yankunan da labarin a cikin jaridar "Change", a cikin abin da wannan mataki da aka kira "abstruse Canje-Canjen," kuma duk wadanda ke da hannu a cikin shi - abokan adawar na proletariat da maƙarƙashiya. Yana da aka bi ta yi kama korau comments kuma sake dubawa da ya kai nan da nan tafi jama'a hukumomi don ganin aikin.

Danniya da zalunci

A shekarar 1931, kungiyar na real art hukumance daina wanzuwa. Harms, Vvedensky da Bakhterev kama a jihar kasuwanci, sa'an nan tura ba tare da hakkin ya kara komawa. Sauran mambobi na kungiyar ci gaba da aiki, amma ba ya yi, kuma ba a buga a baya. A karshe, a 1941-1942 mutu Vvedensky da Kharms, kuma ya zo ƙasarmu yaki sanadiyar rayukan Levin da Lipavsky. Yana da daraja ambata cewa Nikolay Oleynikov aka harbe a 1937. Sauran oberiuty aka kulle a Birnin Leningrad, wanda aka kaiwa da komowar hari da kuma hare-haren da Nazis. A cikin wadannan yanayi, da yawa nasarori da aka rasa mawallafa, aka ƙone da kuma rasa dukan daga cikin play, mai tarin waqe da mutum nasarori. Saboda wadannan abubuwan, da kawai manya rubutu Yuri Vladimirov, wanda ya kai mu kwana, ya "Athlete". Yaro ayyukan Levin aka gaba daya rasa, kazalika da litattafan halittar Vvedensky, ciki har da wurin hutawa labarin "kisankai, ku wawaye."

"Narke"

Bayan shekara ta 1956, mutane hankali ya fara farfado da sau daya da rasa ayyukan girma kasida da marubuta. Mun fara da za a buga yara waka Harms da Vvedensky. Su aka buga ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin West, godiya ga} Vladimira Erlya da kuma Michael Meylaha. A karshe, cikin ban a kan aikin na oberiutov aka yin fim a cikin shekaru na perestroika, idan Soviet katsalandan rasa ta muhimmanci da kuma m kewayon ya kumbura da yawa. An ce daya daga cikin kasida na wannan kungiyar - Igor Bakhterev, ya iya isa dukkan wadannan shekaru da kuma kiyaye su m basira up zuwa lokacin da mutuwa a shekara ta 1996. Aikinsa ya fara buga a farkon 70s, tare da buga ba kawai tsohon nasarori, amma kuma sabon ayyukansu. A 80th da kuma kashi na farko 90 shi ne ya ci gaba da rubuta wasika, ba tare da canza salon da avant-garde.

Oberiuty yara

Saboda gaskiya cewa jam'iyya na real art marubuta sun kullum a karkashin kula na barazana da kuma danniya da gwamnati, da yawa daga cikinsu suka shige, saboda haka yin magana, a cikin yara ta kerawa alkuki. A musamman, Vvedensky, Harms, Bakhterev, Vladimirov kuma Z an rayayye rubutu shayari yara, wanda kasance mafi sauki da kuma saukin ganewa fiye da halittun ga ya fara tasawa masu sauraro. Amma, Oddly isa, ko da a haka m da farko duba halitta ne mai ban tausayi ko satirical niyyar da marubuta. daga baya da shi ya zama daya daga cikin dalilan da cewa sanya kama da babban gwagwarmaya na adabi kungiyar.