Novgorod Majalisar. Tarihi na Novgorod Jamhuriyar

Novgorod Land a tsakiyar zamanai aka dauke wata babbar cibiyar kasuwanci. Saboda haka ya yiwu a samu zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai kasashe da ga Baltic Sea. Located in mun gwada kusa Volga Bulgaria, Vladimir sarauta. Ya sheƙa a guje tare da Volga waterway zuwa gabashin kasashen musulmi. Bugu da kari, a hanya "daga Vikings ga Helenawa." Don da ginshiƙin gada a kan kogin. Volkhov moored jiragen ruwa zuwanshi daga daban-daban birane da kuma kasashe. Wadannan 'yan kasuwa daga Sweden, Jamus da wasu ƙasashe. A Novgorod sanya Gothic da kuma Jamus kasuwanci kotu. Kasashen waje unguwa koro fata, zuma, flax, furs, kakin zuma, dabbar walrus giwa. Daga sauran kasashe a nan ya kawo tin, jan, da ruwan inabi, da kayan ado, zane, da makamai, sweets da kuma 'ya'yan itace dried.

kungiyar na ƙasa

Novgorod ƙasar ga XII karni, shi ne wani ɓangare na Kievan Rus. A administrative ilimi don amfani naka kudi, amsa dokokin hukumar mutane, ba shan la'akari da dokoki shar'anta a wasu yankunan kasar, ya samu halartar sojojinsa. The Grand shugabannai na Kiev dasa a Novgorod ta fi ƙaunataccen 'ya'ya maza. A lokaci guda, su ikon da aka ƙwarai iyakance. Veche a Novgorod mulkin gargajiya jamhuriyar ne mafi girma Hukumar Mulki. Yana da aka wani taro na duk namiji yawan jama'a. Yana da aka gudanar da ringing na karrarawa.

Novgorod Jamhuriyar: bẽne,

A wani taro don warware mafi muhimmanci al'amurran da suka shafi jama'a rayuwa. Suka taɓa wani mabanbanta Sphere. Wide isasshen siyasa sarari, wanda yana da majalisar na Novgorod, zasu taimakawa nadawa mafi shirya siffofin. Duk da haka, kamar yadda tarihin nuna cewa taron da aka fi bazuwar kuma m fiye da ko ina kuma. Kungiyar da yawa gibba. Wani lokacin taron gudanar Rurik, Prince of Novgorod. Duk da haka, mafi sau da yawa fiye da na yi wani daga cikin manyan baki na gari. A lokacin gwagwarmaya da jam'iyyar taron gudanar da mutane. Novgorod Majalisar ba a dauke m. An gudanar da gudanar da kawai idan akwai bukata.

tsarin

Novgorod Majalisar gudanar da kullum a Yaroslav yadi. Zaben na Ubangiji daga cikin birni ya faru a kan square a kusa da St. Sophia Cathedral. A cikin abun da ke ciki na Novgorod veche ba za a dauke wakilin jiki, tun da shi bai shiga wani wakilai,. A yankin zai iya isa duk wanda ya dauki kansa a ɗan ƙasa, da kuma kira wani taro. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ya samu halartar mutane wakiltar wani babban jami'in birnin. Wani lokaci, duk da haka, akwai ma matasa, mazauna ƙauyuka - Pskov da Ladoga. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, prigorodskih aika wakilai, don magance a kan wani ba ƙasa. Halarci m baƙi daga prigorozhan. Alal misali, a 1384, a cikin Novgorod mutane zo Korely kuma Smith. Sun koka kormlenschikov Patricius (Lithuanian yarima). A wannan batun, muka gudanar da biyu tarurruka. Daya ya na sarki, da sauran - for prigorozhan. A wannan yanayin, shi ne wani roko ga mutane laifi sarki babban birnin kasar.

Ayyukan na Novgorod Veche

Majalisar ce ke da alhakin duk dokokin, al'amura na ciki da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin. A Novgorod veche gudanar kotu domin daban-daban laifuka. A lokaci guda wajabta m fenariti maharan. Alal misali, da cin zarafin da aka yankewa hukuncin haramcin na rayuwa, ko dũkiyõyinsu kwace, da su kansu aka fitar daga cikin mazauna. Duk fa'din birni majalisa yanke shawarar da dokoki, gayyace ya kuma fitar da m. A taron da aka zaba da kuma hukunci da manyanmu. Mutane shirya tambayoyi na yaki da zaman lafiya.

Details na hallara

Game da hakkin ya zama dan kungiya na da bẽne, kuma domin da ta taro, da kafofin ba da wani takamaiman bayanai. Ayyukan daga cikin mahalarta iya zama duka maza: da matalauta da masu arziki, da kuma boyars, kuma black mutane. Duk da yake cancantar ba su kafa. Duk da haka, shi ne ba a bayyana ko akwai da dama su shiga a warware gaggawa harkokin shugabanci, kawai mazaunan Novgorod, kuma wannan ma ya shafi kewaye mutane. Daga cikin rare azuzuwan, wanda aka ambata a cikin wani daftarin aiki, a fili yake cewa 'yan ikilisiya sun fatake, manyansu, manoma, sana'a, da sauransu. Da bẽne, dole hannu posadniki. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar abin da suka kasance manyan baki da kuma kasancewarsu aka dauka domin ba. Majalisar ne suka manya gonaki. Su ba su dauke su wakilan birnin. Boyar iya rayuwa a kan Estate wani wuri a kan Dvina, kuma daga can zuwa zo Novgorod. Haka kuma, 'yan kasuwa sun kafa wani aji ba wurin zama, kuma ta zama. A daidai wannan lokaci suna iya zama geographically da kuma a cikin kewaye kauyuka, amma a lokaci guda ya kira Novgorod. Zhitye mutane halartar taro kamar yadda wakilan duk. Amma ga baki mutane, suna kuma da ake bukata domin zama membobin majalisar. Duk da haka, babu wani nuni da yadda suka riƙi wani ɓangare a shi.

ratification

A cikin tsohon kwana suka rubuta da sunan da karfi a musamman batu a cikin yarima. Duk da haka, halin da ake ciki canza bayan da amincewa da m primacy daga cikin manyan m. Tun daga nan, da sunan sarkin da ratification da aka ba sa. Su aka rubuta a madadin na baki da kuma zhityh mutane, manyanmu, tysyachskogo, boyars, da dukan mazaunan. A like sun leaden, kuma aka a haɗe zuwa charters snurkami.

masu zaman kansu collections

Su aka za'ayi da kansa da wani babban majalisar na Novgorod. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kowane karshen ya zuwa kira taronsu. Suna da nasu karatu da rubutu, bugu. Idan kana da wani rikice iyakar da aka sulhu da juna. Reins bẽne, kuma Pskov. Bell, kira wani taro, sun rataye a kan hasumiya a kusa da St. Triniti.

Rabuwa da iko

A majalisu aiki, fãce ga mutane da hannu da kuma yarima. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin da iko na hukuma da wuya a zana wani sarari line tsakanin ainihin kuma na halal dangantakar. A karkashin halin yanzu yarjejeniyar, yarima zai iya zo ba tare da wani yaki ba tare da yardarka daga cikin taron. Ko da yake kariya daga waje kan iyakoki fada a cikin ta iko. Ba tare da magajin gari da aka ba a yarda ba daga lucrative matsayi, ciyar da Ikklesiya. A aikace, wannan tarin aka za'ayi ba tare da yardarka da gwamnan. Har ila yau, ba kai "babu-Laifi" matsayi. Laifin da mutum sarkin ya fadi a wajen taron. Yana, bi da bi, gudanar da horo kotu. A wasu lokuta, da bẽne, da kuma gwamnan canza matsayin. Alal misali, haduwa iya jawo hankalin maras so Regional Kotun kormlenschikov. The prince da bãbu wani hakki don en takardun shaida tare da amincewar da manyanmu.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane

A kanta, da Novgorod veche iya ba ya zaton wani dace tattaunawa na wani matsala ba, kuma ba wani dace takardar za ~ en. A bayani na wani batu da za'ayi "by kunne" a cikin ikon kukan. Veche ne sau da yawa ya kasu kashi jam'iyyar. A wannan yanayin da mafita daga matsalar da aka za'ayi tare da yin amfani da tashin hankali, bayan da wani yaki. A gefen da cewa ya lashe, kuma aka dauke ta da rinjaye. Majalisar amsa kamar yadda wani irin Allah ta kotu, kazalika da faduwa kashe wata gada Allah wadai da hukunci ya gabobi nau'i na ruwa gwajin. A wasu lokuta, da dukan birnin da aka raba tsakanin takaddama jam'iyyun. Sa'an nan, biyu tarurruka ya faru a lokaci guda. Daya ya gana a cikin kasuwanci na (saba wuri), da kuma sauran - a cikin Sofia yankin. Amma wadannan tarurruka kasance mafi internecine 'yan tawayen taron, amma ba al'ada vechami. Fiye da sau daya shi ya faru da cewa biyu tarurruka da aka motsi ga juna. Samun kashe a Volkhov gada, mutane suna yanzu fara yanka. Wani lokaci limaman kiyaye taki don raba mutane, da kuma wani lokacin ba. Ma'ana babban gada a matsayin mai shaida, a birane da jayayya sa daga baya a wani poetic form. A wasu tsoho tarihin da bayanin kula da baƙo Baron Herberstein, wanda ya ziyarci a farkon na XVI karni. A Rasha, akwai labari na irin collisions. A musamman, labarin wani waje bako, a lokacin da a St. Vladimir na Novgorod jefar a Volkhov gunki na Perun, da fushi Allah, to kai gaci, suka jefa wani itace a shi, ya ce: "Wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ka so daga gare ni, Novgorod." Tun da mutane a nada lokaci zuwa tafi a kan gada da kuma fara a kan yãƙi.

Marta-Gwamnan ta Wife

Wannan mace tana da ƙarya da suke ƙirƙirãwa suna a cikin tarihi. Ta kasance matar Isaaka Boretskogo, Novgorod magajin gari. Bayani game da farko ta rayuwa shi ne isasshe kananan. Kafofin bayar da shawarar cewa Marta zo daga wani iyali boyar Loshinskih sau biyu, kuma ya yi aure. Isaac Boretsky ya ta biyu da miji, da farko ya mutu. Gwamna Wife Marta ba zai iya zama ƙa'ida. Wannan sunan barkwanci ta samu daga Muscovites. Saboda haka sai su yi izgili rarrabe samuwar Novgorod Jamhuriyar.

aiki Boretskaya

Marta-Gwamnan matarsa kuwa gwauruwa na babban mallaki gidaje wanda Holdings sun koma zuwa gare ta. Bugu da kari, shi ya kasance mafi m yankunan tare da bankunan na daskararre Sea da kogin. Dvina. A karo na farko a cikin rayuwar siyasa, ta fara taka rawa a cikin 1470th shekara. Sa'an nan, a cikin Novgorod veche gudanar zaben sabon Archbishop. A shekara daga baya, ta ita da ɗanta suka a cikin ni'imar 'yancin kai daga Moscow. Marta aiki a matsayin na yau da kullum shugaban na cikin Boyar 'yan adawa. Support shi bayar da biyu mafi daraja bazawara Euphemia da Anastasia. Marta da wani gagarumin monetary tanadi. Ta jagoranci m tattaunawar da Casimir IV, Sarkin Poland. Its manufarsa shine don Novgorod ta Accession zuwa Grand Duchy na Lithuania a cikin m hakkokin da adana siyasa 'yancin kai.

Ivan III ikon

Tattaunawa da Casimir koya Grand Prince of Moscow. A 1471, shekarar da ya faru Shelonskoy yaƙi. Yana Ivan III sojojin smashes sojojin Novgorod. Boretskaya dan Dmitry da aka kashe. Duk da nasara a yaƙi, Ivan ya rike da hakkin ya kai gwamnati a Novgorod. Boretsky, bi da bi, ya ci gaba da tattaunawar da Casimir bayan dansa ta mutuwa. A sakamakon haka, rikici ya barke tsakanin Lithuania da kuma Moscow. A 1478th Ivan III daukan wani sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe da Novgorod. Last hana daga arbitrariness. Rushewar da za ta Novgorod veche kararrawa aka tare da kau, kwata na ƙasar Boretskaya, yanke wakilan m azuzuwan.

ƙarshe

Novgorod Majalisar yana da wani musamman siyasa muhimmanci a rayuwar mutane. Wannan wani key Hukumar Mulki da ke cikin cajin hada da duk al'amurran da suka shafi rayuwa. Majalisar ya yi hukunci da hukunci, gayyace gwamnoni, ku fitar da su. Abin lura shi ne cewa dukan mutanen da hannu a cikin majalisa, ko da akidar zuwa wani aji. An yi imani da cewa taron ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko siffofin dimokuradiyya, duk da dukan ƙayyadaddu na yanke shawara. Jam'iyya ne mai magana daga nufin mutanen da ba kawai na Novgorod, amma kuma kewaye yankin. Ikonsa yana sama da m. Bugu da ƙari, cikin karshen a wasu al'amura dogara da shawarar da taron. Wannan nau'i na kai-featured Novgorod ƙasar daga wasu yankuna na Rasha. Duk da haka, tare da baza na autocratic ikon Ivan III, shi da aka soke. Novgorod ƙasar kanta ta zama batun da Moscow.