Nikolai Kondratiev, Soviet tattalin arziki: biography, taimako ga tattalin arzikin

Sananne landfill "Kommunarka" shi ne wuri na mutuwa na da yawa Soviet masana kimiyya kunyatawa. Daya daga cikinsu shi da wani tattalin arziki Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. A farkon shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet, ya jagoranci shirin agrarian kasar. Babban ɓangare na msar tambayar al'adunmu Kondratieff shi ne littafin "Big hawan keke conjuncture." Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya substantiated siyasa na NEP, zai mayar da Soviet tattalin arzikin bayan wani yankunan da yakin basasa.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

Economist Nikolai Kondratiev aka haife a kan Maris 16, 1892 a kauyen Galuevskoy Kostroma lardin. Tare da shekaru 13, ya tafi zuwa coci kuma seminary malami. A lokacin farko Rasha juyin juya hali, da almajiri ya zama SR kuma taimaka yadi yajin kwamitin. Domin wannan ya aka fitar daga cikin seminary, kuma ko da aika zuwa kurkuku.

Shekara guda daga baya, Nikolai Kondratiev aka saki da kuma sa suna a cikin School of noma da kuma aikin noma, a cikin Ukrainian garin Uman. A 1908 ya koma St. Petersburg. A cikin babban birnin kasar Kondratyev shared a dakin tare da al'adu da karatu da kuma zamantakewa masanin kimiyya Pitirim Sorokin - nan gaba kafa ka'idar zamantakewa motsi.

A farkon kimiyya aiki

A 1911, Nikolai Kondratiev shiga St. Petersburg University. Bayan samun digiri, sai ya zaɓi sashen na siyasa da tattalin arziki da kuma statistics da kuma yanke shawarar shirya zuwa sama da lakabi na farfesa.

A wannan lokaci, da ya jagoranci wani tashin hankali Kondratiev wallafe-wallafen da kuma kimiyya da ayyukan. Ya hada kai tare da "Herald na Turai", "alkawari" da sauran mujallu, ya kuma ba da yawa laccoci. Sun kasance wani ilimi a tsarar masana kimiyya Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky da Lva Petrazhitskogo. Farfesa Maxim Kovalevsky sanya masa Sakatare. A 1915, Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich wallafa farko monograph kishin tattalin arzikin da ƙasarsa ta lardin Kostroma.

Hannu a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci events

Ko matsayin wani ɓangare na kimiyya al'umma na St. Petersburg, Kondratiev zauna memba na da Socialist Revolutionary Party. Na dogon lokaci domin shi aka gudanar m kula da asirin 'yan sanda. A 1913, a lokacin da Rasha bikin 300th tunawa da Romanov daular, Kondratyev ciyar wata daya a kurkuku.

Siyasa aiki tsananta bayan da tattalin arziki kwatsam events na Fabrairu juyin juya halin. The matasa masanin kimiyya wani wakili zuwa III Congress na Socialist-Revolutionary Party, da aka gudanar a birnin Moscow a watan Mayu - Yuni 1917. Akwai ya sanya wani jawabin a cikin goyon bayan da na ɗan lokaci gwamnatin. Sa'an nan, wani masanin tattalin arziki ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Kerensky a kan aikin noma. Nikolai Kondratiev halarci a cikin halittar da majalisar ta manoma 'wakilai, da kuma an wakilta su a cikin All-Russian Democratic taron a watan Satumba. Economist zabe cikin wucin Council na Jamhuriyar. Bugu da kari, ya gudanar ya shiga a cikin ayyukan da Main Land kwamitin da kuma League of Agrarian garambawul.

Taimaka wa gwamnati na Kerensky, Kondratiev yi aiki tukuru don shawo kan matsalar abinci da ta taso saboda da dogon yaki da Jamus da kawayenta. A rashin abincinsu lalace cikin yanayi na al'umma. Samar da wani barga wadata tsarin zai sa ya yiwu ga santsi da yawa zamantakewa sabani da kuma kauce wa rikicin siyasa. Duk da yake Kondratiev ya mai taimako ga ra'ayin jihar hatsi kenkenewa. Ya kuma sanya fatan a kan requisition, ko da yake a 1917 shi ya ba su yanke shawarar da abinci matsala - da barazana da wani babban-sikelin yunwa ta ci gaba da loom a gaban wucin gwamnatin.

A tashi daga siyasa

A Oktoba juyin juya halin dauki wani Kondratieff a cikin 'yan adawa sansanin. Ya zama memba na majalisar da aka kafa na Socialist-yunkuri. Lokacin da wannan jiki da aka karya, da masanin kimiyyar koma saɓa wa Bolsheviks "Rasha Revival Union". A shekara ta 1919, da Socialist-Revolutionary Party aka hõre karshe shan kashi. Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich bar siyasa da kuma kishin kansa gaba daya zuwa kimiyya.

Bayan da juyin juya halin Kondratyev koma Moscow. Akwai sai ya fara koyar da a jami'o'i da dama - Jami'ar Shanyavsky, m Institute, Petrovskaya aikin gona Academy. Ga wasu lokaci da wuri na aikin tattalin arziki ne Moscow Narodny Bank. A 1920, Kondratiev aka kama shi kuma ya zama mai tsaro a cikin hali na "Union of Revival of Rasha." Tsohon SR ajiye cẽto Alexander utopian Chayanov da kuma shahararren Bolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Aiki a jihar Planning Hukumar

Kokarin Kondratieff aka kafa Conjunctural Confucius a Mutane ta Commissariat kudi. Soviet tattalin arziki gangarawa shi a cikin 1920-1928 biennium. Ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru uku a cikin jama'ar kasar Commissariat Aikin Gona. Tarayyar Soviet Jihar Planning kwamitin Kondratiev na daga cikin aikin gona sashen. The masanin kimiyya jagoranci elaboration na ci gaba da dabarun noma.

A 1922, Nikolai Kondratiev, wanda taimako ga tattalin arzikin da aka riga matasa Soviet jihar muhimmanci, sake zama da manufa na danniya. Yana da aka kunshe a cikin jerin ke so mutane, shirya domin an kore shi daga Tarayyar Soviet. Kondratieva kare da jama'ar kasar Commissariat Aikin Gona. Kamar yadda gwani don sarrafa dama muhimmanci tafiyar matakai, sunansa da aka cire daga blacklist.

kasashen waje

A 1924, Kondratiev tafi kasashen waje bincike tafiya. Ya ziyarci Jamus, Canada, Birtaniya da kuma Amurka. Economist ya sami matsahi na saba da kasuwar sunadaran da kasashen turai. Wannan kwarewa ya amfani da shi a cikin elaboration na da ka'idodin NEP. Yana da aka Nikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mabiya sabon tattalin arziki siyasa, wacce Bolsheviks zo bayan shekaru na ruinous yaki kwaminisanci. Kamar yadda wani Soviet gwani ya tantance yiwuwa ga fitarwa na Tarayyar Soviet.

Kowane Kondratieff, Pitirim Sorokin a lokacin da aka riga zaune a Amurka. Ya miƙa Nikolayu Dmitrievichu zauna a Amirka, akwai wata jami'a kujera ya ɓatar da kuma kare kanka da kuma iyalanka, tafi tare da shi a kasashen waje. Duk da haka, Kondratiev ki jefa gida. Ya aka fascinated da sabon damar da ya bude a gaban shi NEP.

makõma take

A 1924, shi ya ba tukuna fara da Stalinist repressions. Ba wanda zai iya ko da tunanin cewa za a yi munin da ya girgiza Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1930s. Na declassified rubutu tsakanin Stalin da kuma daya daga cikin masu shirya ta'addanci Yakovom Agranovym yau an san cewa a ƙarshe na Kondratieff azabtar da shi da sirri domin na shugaban. Duk da yake a cikin US, da tattalin arziki iya ganin wani abu kamar haka ba.

Dawo daga kasashen waje, Kondratiev ya ci gaba da aiki aiki a fagen tattalin arziki da tsare-tsare - shi aka samarwa da kuma aiki daga cikin abin da ake kira biyar-shekara lokacin 1923-1928 m shekaru.

Taimako ga tattalin arzikin

mafi muhimmanci msar tambayar aikin Kondratiev aka buga a shekara ta 1925 - "Big hawan keke conjuncture." Yana sa tartsatsi muhawara biyu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kasashen waje. Akwai wani sabon wa'adi abin da ya miƙa Nikolai Kondratiev - 'ci gaban tattalin arziki hawan keke. "

Bisa ga ka'idar da masanin kimiyya, tattalin arzikin duniya tasowa a karkace. Ups cyclical downturns ana maye gurbin, da kuma mataimakin versa. Masu bincike yi imani da cewa tsawon wannan lokaci - game da shekaru 50. A Tarayyar Soviet, mutane da yawa ba su son ideas sa a gaba Kondratiev. "Kondratieff hawan keke" an dauke marubucin tashi daga Markisanci.

Sha'awa, da tattalin arziki ya sa a gaba a cikin jarrabawa ba tare da wani ne msar tambayar tushe. Kondratyev dadin kawai da nasu empirical lura. Ya bincikar daki-daki cikin Figures daga karshen XVIII da kuma US tattalin arziki a yammacin Turai da kuma farkon XX karni. Bayan aikata wannan aikin, masana kimiyya sun gina graphics da kuma maimaita samu synchronicity. Kondratiev gano wadannan bulan na cin gaban wani tattalin arzikin: girma, saman, ƙi, ciki.

Idan Tarayyar Soviet m ka'idar bai samu da aikace-aikace, sa'an nan kasashen waje shi ne nuna godiya da yawa tattalin arziki da duniya suna. Kondratieff ra'ayi jagoranci da Austria da kuma American masanin kimiyya Yozef Shumpeter. A Rasha kasa al'adunmu bincike da aka sake maido da kawai bayan Perestroika. Bugu da kari, Kondratiev bari na asali bincike a kan muhimmancin farashin noma da masana'antu kaya.

Rikici da gwamnatin

"Manyan hawan keke yanayi" sa da kin amincewa da Soviet shugabanci. Jim kadan bayan da littafin da wani monograph fara badgering Kondratieva mujallar, da Oganeza na wanda ya Grigory Zinoviev. Ba ta kasance ba kimiyya shawara. Criticism ya kasance kamar snitching. Duk da yake cikin Soviet shugabanci bayan Lenin ta mutuwa ya dozin cizon ikon da Bolsheviks, shi ne kusan gaba ɗaya ba ya sha wahala Kondratiev.

A togiya ya Mikhail Kalinin. Stalin daga baya blackmailed shi dogon tarayya, tare da Kondratyev. Nikolai Bukharin goyon bayan msar tambayar ideas na masanin kimiyyar (wato lokacin da Bukharin da aka yi kokari da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa, ciki har da Bolshevik zargi a siyasa jam'iyya tare da zargi tattalin arziki).

wulãkanci

Ko da yake Kondratieff "Kondratieff hawan keke" da kuma dukan sauran tattalin arziki manufofin da aka kai hari a matakin qarshe, da masanin kimiyya ba zai dauki matsayi ba tare da wani yaki. Ya kare kansa da ingancinsa a mujallolin, kuma a tarurruka. Musamman jifar da aka jawabin nasa a cikin kwaminis Academy, wanda ya faru a cikin watan Nuwamba 1926. Bugu da kari, Kondratyev rubuta rahotanni da memos da CC.

A shekara ta 1927, a mujallar "Bolshevik" babbar mai taken "Shelar na kulak jam'iyyar" ya bayyana na gaba labarin na Zinoviev. Yana buga sautin a cikin abin da na karshe m naushe aka yi azãbar daga baya ta Kondratiev. Zargin na tausayawa da fists da kuma haifar gurguzanci ba kawai barazana, bi da real ayyuka na KGB.

Addu'a a taimaka

Irfanin kulla da kuma littafin Nikolaya Kondrateva fara daga ra'ayin cewa tattalin arzikin kamata ci gaba sannu a hankali. Wannan manufa ne saba wa Stalinist sauri da abin da flywheel spun Soviet masana'antu. Sun fi mayar da wannan a cikin shekara 1928 Kondratiev aka cire daga shugabancin brainchild - conjunctural cibiyoyi, da kuma jefa daga ilimi rayuwa.

A 1930, Nikolai Sorokin ya rubuta wa aboki wata wasika, wanda aka tsĩrar da Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hanyar Finland. A wani sako da masanin kimiyya a takaice ya bayyana girma munin Soviet gaskiya: da dispossession na kulaks a karkara, da matsa lamba a kan kawo dukkan. Ba tare da aikin Kondratiev Na a gefen yunwa. Ya nemi taimako Sorokina. Ya juya zuwa ga Sama'ila Harper - Farfesa, na Jami'ar Chicago, sau da yawa ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet.

Kama da tsare

A lokacin da wani tafiya da Tarayyar Soviet sau da yawa Harper ya gana da Kondratyev. Wata rana da biyu daga cikinsu ya zo da m pre-sale, inda suka jiran da GPU jamiái. Kondratiev aka kama. A shekara ya 1930.

Zaune a kurkuku, tattalin arziki ya ci gaba da kimiyya aiki. A ƙarshe, ya rubuta da dama ayyukansu. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, Nikolai Kondratiev, wanda biography yana da nasaba da Socialist-yunkuri da kuma ko da Kerensky, aka yi kokari a kan zargin da Ma'aikata 'da kuma manoma' Party. A 1932, ya yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Kondratiev tafi Suzdal siyasa isolator. Akwai ya ci gaba da rubuta.

Dedicated Macro model na tattalin arziki kuzarin kawo cikas sun tsira daya kawai aikin Suzdal lokaci. Duk da yake a tsare, da masanin kimiyyar kallo kamar yadda shi ya zama duniya shahara monograph da kuma tattalin arziki kintace zo gaskiya. A halin yanzu, ya kasance mafi m kwarewa na tilasta rabuwa da cikakken kimiyya aiki.

Harbi da kuma fi

Ko da yake shekara takwas, da aka aza, Kondratiev bai jira 'yantar. A shekara ta 1938, a tsawo na Great Firgitar, an yi hukunci a ta Soja Collegium na Kotun Koli na Tarayyar Soviet. 17 Satumba masanin kimiyya harbe. Place tashin hankali ya zama polygon "Kommunarka". Akwai ma wani repressed kuma binne shi.

A shekarar 1963, bayan da XX Congress na CPSU, Kondratieff aka gyara, ko da yake wannan harka da aka ba a sanya jama'a. Kimiyya al'adunmu tattalin arziki har shekaru da yawa ya zauna da abu na defamation kuma zargi na aikin hukuma Soviet kimiyya. A karshe da kyau sunan Kondratieff aka mayar a lokacin perestroika, a shekarar 1987, a lokacin da shi ne karo na biyu gyara (wannan lokaci tare da hasãra takwaransa Aleksandrom Chayanovym).