Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: takaice dai biography, nasarori, binciken

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - an yi fice a Rasha lissafi, domin a kan hudu shekarun da suka gabata - da rector na Kazan University, dan fafutuka of Education, kafa ba Euclidean lissafi.

Wannan shi ne wani mutum da ya ga dama shekaru da dama kafin ya lokaci da aka ba su gane ta wurin Sahaban.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas aka haife kan Disamba 11, 1792 a wani low-samun kudin shiga iyali na wani tausayin na aikin Ivana Maksimovic da Praskovya Alexandrovna. Haifuwa daga lissafi Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. A cikin shekaru 9, bayan rasuwar tsohonsa, ya aka hawa zuwa uwarsa a Kazan kuma a 1802 aka kwantar da wani gida makarantar sakandare. Bayan ta sauke karatu a 1807, Nicholas ya zama dalibi na sabon kafa Kazan na mallaka University.

A karkashin jagorancin na M. F. Bartelsa

Special soyayya ga jiki da kuma ilmin lissafi sciences gaba baiwa gudanar ya qarfafa Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - a talented malami, warai san kuma yaba masa aiki. Abin baƙin ciki, a karshen 1806 saboda sabani da jagorancin jami'a "ga alama na Ruhun tawaye na da bambancin ra'ayi," da ya gabata daga jami'a sabis. Darussan a ilmin lissafi fara kai Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - wani malami da wani aboki daga cikin shahararrun Karla Fridriha Gauss. Isa a 1808 a Kazan, sai ya ɗauki kan taimaka m amma matalauta dalibi.

New malami amince Lobachevskian ci gaba da cewa ya yi karatu a karkashin kulawa da irin classic ayyukansa kamar yadda "Number Theory" Karl Gauss da "wani sarari suKe makanikai" na Faransa masanin kimiyya Pierre-Simon Laplace. Domin fitina, taurin, da kuma ãyõyinSa da godlessness a cikin m shekara a kan Nikolay looming Yiwuwar maganganu. Wannan kariya Bartels gudummawar da majalisa ta zauna game da hadari hazaka dalibi.

Kazan University Lobachevsky rai

A shekarar 1811, bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, a takaice biography wanda yake shi ne na gaske sha'awa a cikin ƙaramin tsara, an amince da Babbar Jagora lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ya bar su a makaranta. Biyu kimiyya karatu - a aljabara da makanikai, gabatar a 1814 (gabata lokacin), ya kai ga ta yi a wani Mataimakiyar farfesan (docents). Next Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, nasarori da za su sa'an nan za a yadda ya kamata kimanta, a zuriyarsu, da ya fara koyarwa, a hankali kara da'irar Darussan don su (lissafi, taurari, kimiyyar lissafi) da kuma tsanani tunanin game da ƙudurin sake gina ilmin lissafi ka'idojin. Dalibai kauna kuma nuna babban yabo Lobachevsky laccoci a shekara daga baya bayar da lakabi na m farfesa.

New umarni Magnitsky

Domin manufar suppressing free tunani da kuma neman sauyi yanayi a cikin al'umma da gwamnati Alexander I aka dogara ne a kan akidar addini da kuma ta sufi koyarwar Kirista. A farko Cardinal dubawa halartar jami'o'i. A watan Maris 1819 a mafi girma ilimi ma'aikata tare da duba na Kazan isa ML Magnitsky - wani wakilin Hukumar Board makarantu, kula kawai game da nasu sana'arsu. Bisa ga sakamakon ta cak da Jihar harkokin a Jami'ar da aka musamman m: da rashin malanta dalibai na ma'aikata entailed cutar da al'umma. Saboda haka, da jami'a da aka bukata don halakar da (fili halakar) - tare da wani ra'ayi zuwa wani umarni misali ga wadansu mutane.

Duk da haka, Alexander I, an yanke shawarar magance wannan halin da ake ciki a hannun wannan dubawa, kuma Magnitsky da musamman himma fara "kai tsaye umarni" da ganuwar da makaman: 9 dakatar da aiki na furofesoshi, ya gabatar da tsauraran bincikar ayyukan da kuma abar lacca barikin yanayin.

Lobachevsky m ayyuka

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha bayyana wuya tsawon kafa a Jami'ar coci-yan sanda tsarin, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru 7. Daure wuya gwaje-gwaje taimaka wajen tilasta wa m ruhu da kuma cikakken lokaci na masanin kimiyya, ba ya bar wani minti na free lokaci.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky deputized Bartels, wanda ya bar ganuwar da University, ya kuma koyar a duk darussa na lissafi, kuma a lura da jiki da ofishin da kuma karanta magana, sanar da dalibai na ilmin taurari da kuma geodesy har I. M. Simonov yana duniya yawon shakatawa. A yawa na aikin da aka kashe a su tunzura domin da library, musamman cika ta jiki da kuma ilmin lissafi part. A hanya, da lissafi Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, kamar yadda shugaban na ginin kwamitin, dubawa da erection na babban gini na jami'a kuma don wani lokaci rike matsayin shugaban makaranta na Faculty of Physics da lissafi.

Non-Euclidean lissafi Lobachevsky

A babbar yawan halin yanzu harkokin, general koyarwa, administrative da bincike aikin bai zama wani shamaki don kerawa LISSAFI: daga alkalami zo 2 litattafan ga manyan makarantu - "aljabara" (kaso ga yin amfani da da awo tsarin) da kuma "lissafi" (ba a buga ). A wani ɓangare na Magnitsky Nikolai Ivanovich aka kafa m dubawa, saboda bayyanuwar su gabagadi da kuma take hakkin da kafa dokoki. Duk da haka, a cikin wadannan yanayi, aiki wulãkantãwa zuwa adam suna da mutunci, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich yi aiki tukuru a kan m yi na tushe na lissafi. A sakamakon irin wannan laborious aiki na masana kimiyya ya gano wani sabon lissafi, cikakke a cikin hanyoyi na wani m bita Concepts na zamanin Euclid (III karni BC. E.).

A cikin hunturu 1826, Rasha lissafi an za'ayi wani rahoto a kan tushen da lissafi daukar kwayar cutar da za a duba a yawan mashawarta furofesoshi. Duk da haka, da sa ran review (ko dai tabbatacce ko korau) an samu, da kuma rubutun da rahoton muhimmanci da mu sau ba kai. Wannan abu masanin kimiyya ya hada da a cikin ta farko aikin "Bisa lissafi", da aka buga a 1829-1830 gg. a cikin "Journal of Kazan." Bugu da kari ya gabatar da muhimmanci na lissafi binciken, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ya bayyana a mai ladabi definition na aiki (a fili delineating ta ci gaba da differentiability), kuskuren dangana ga German lissafi Dirichlet. Masana kimiyya sun kuma an sanya cikakken nazari na trigonometric jerin, kiyasta 'yan shekarun da suka gabata baya. A talented lissafi ne marubucin Hanyar lamba bayani da lissafai da lokaci riƙa mai lakabin "Graeffe Hanyar".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Interesting Facts

Odita Magnitsky, matsalolin da ayyukansa a 'yan shekaru, sa ran wani unenviable rabo: saboda mutane da yawa muzguna gano musamman duba hukumar, ya aka cire daga mukaminshi kuma aika zuwa zaman talala. Wani makarantun wakĩli aka nada Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, wanda ya iya godiya da aiki Nikolai Lobachevsky da kuma shawarar da shi ga post na rector na Kazan University.

Domin shekaru 19, tun 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (photo abin tunawa a Kazan gani. Sama) yi aiki tukuru a wannan wuri, da cimma alfijir na ya fi so yaron. A lissafi na Lobachevsky - bayyananne kyautata a cikin mataki na kimiyya da ilimi da ayyukan a general, gina wani babban yawan ofishin gine-gine (jiki ofishin, library, sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje, astronomical da Magnetic Observatory, dissecting, inji nazarinsa). Rector ma shi ne wanda ya kafa wani m kimiyya mujallar "The masana kimiyya na Kazan University bayanin kula," maye gurbin "Kazan Bulletin" da kuma na farko da aka buga a 1834. A layi daya da rector for 8 shekaru jagorancin Nikolai library, tsunduma a cikin koyarwa, rubuta wa'azi ga malaman ilmin lissafi.

By da isa yabo Lobachevsky shi yiwuwa ba a danganta shi gaskiya da zuciya ɗaya damuwa game da jami'o'i da kuma ta dalibai. Saboda haka, a cikin 1830 ya ya iya ware da binciken yankin da kuma gudanar da zuzzurfan disinfection ajiye a kan ma'aikatan na ma'aikata cutar kwalara. A lokacin wani mummunan wuta a Kazan (1842) gudanar ya ajiye kusan dukkan ilimi gine-gine, astronomical kida da library abu. Har ila yau, Nikolai bude ga talakawa free ziyarar jami'a akunan karatu da gidajen tarihi da kuma ya shirya wani aji na rare batutuwa ga yawan jama'a.

Godiya ga m kokarin Lobachevsky iko, da farko-aji, da-sanye take Kazan University ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyau makarantu a Rasha.

Rashin fahimta da kuma kin amincewa da ra'ayoyi na Rasha lissafi

Duk wannan lokaci, da ilimin lissafi ba ya hana a cikin gudana bincike da nufin ci gaban da wani sabon lissafi. Abin baƙin ciki, da ra'ayoyin - zurfi da kuma sabo ne, kamar yadda suka saba wa kullum yarda axiom cewa Sahaban sun gaza, kuma watakila ba ya so ya yaba da ayyukan Lobachevsky. Rashin fahimta da kuma shi za a iya ce da wasu har na zalunci ba tsaya Nikolai Ivanovich: a 1835 ya buga "hasashen lissafi", da kuma a shekara daga baya - "Aikace-aikacen da kirkirarrun lissafi ga wasu integrals." Bayan shekaru uku, da duniya ga mafi m aiki na "New farkon lissafi tare da cikakken ka'idar layi daya", wanda na dauke da dunkule, mai haske izyasnenie ta key ideas.

A wuya lokaci a cikin rãyuwar maths

Kada samun fahimtar su ƙasar haihuwarsa, Lobachevsky yanke shawarar samun kamar shiryayye mutane kasashen waje. A 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (ga photo. A review) wallafa aiki tare a fili kafa daga cikin muhimman ra'ayoyi na Jamus harshe. Daya kwafin wannan edition aka bayar ga Gauss, wanda ya yi aiki a bayan al'amuran da ba Euclidean lissafi, amma bai yi kuskure ya yi magana a bainar jama'a tare da tunani. Bayan familiarized da ayyukan Rasha abokan aiki, da Jamus rika zabi Rasha da takwaransa ga Royal Society of Göttingen a matsayin wakilin kungiyar. Laudatory game Lobachevsky, Gauss yi magana ne kawai a cikin diary kuma a cikin da'irar mafi amintacce maza. Zaben Lobachevsky har yanzu aka gudanar. shi ya faru a 1842, amma da matsayi na Rasha masanin kimiyya, shi ba ya inganta: ya yi aiki a Jami'ar 4 years.

Gwamnatin Nicholas I ba ya so ya tantance shekaru masu yawa na aikin Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha da kuma a 1846 cire shi daga aiki a jami'a, a hukumance suna cikin hanyar: kaifi tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, tsohon rector aka miƙa matsayin mataimakin curator, amma ba tare da kafa wani albashi. Jimawa kafin sallama, da kuma haramta professorial kujera Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, a takaice biography da kuma wanda a yau ake yi karatu a makarantu, bada shawarar a maimakonsu malami Kazan motsa jiki a A. F. Popova, daidai kare doctoral dissertation. Nikolai tsammani shi dole ba daidai hanya a rayuwa da matasa masana kimiyya 'ikon samun da bai dace ba to rike kujera a irin wannan yanayi. Amma, tun da rasa duk a lokaci daya da kuma a cikin gaba daya ba dole ba wa kansu matsayi, Lobachevsky rasa damar da za su ba kawai kai jami'a, amma kuma ta yaya su shiga a cikin ayyukan da ma'aikata.

A rayuwar iyali Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich tun 1832 ta auri Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. A wannan aure da aka haife 18 yara, amma kawai bakwai sun tsira duka.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Tilasta kau daga harka cikin rayuwarsa, da gazawar da sabon lissafi, m kãfirci da tsaransa, mai kaifi tabarbarewar a kudi wuri (saboda fatarar estate na biyu da aka sayar da basusuka) da kuma aure, bone ya tabbata (asara a 1852, shi ne ɗan fari) deplete shafi jiki da hankulansu kiwon lafiya Rasha lissafi: ya fili damuwa da kuma fara rasa gabansa. Amma makantar Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky bai daina don halartar jarrabawa, zo festive events, halarci ilimi muhawara da kuma ci gaba da aiki domin amfanin kimiyya. Babban aikin da Rasha lissafi "Pangeometriya" da aka rubuta ƴan karantawa makantar Lobachevskian a shekara kafin mutuwarsa.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, samu a lissafi wanda aka kimanta kawai shekaru goma daga baya, ba shine kawai bincike na sabon lissafi. Hungarian masanin kimiyya Janos Bolyai, da kansa da Rasha abokan aiki, abokan aiki gabatar da kotun a 1832, cikin tunaninsa na ba-Euclidean lissafi. Duk da haka, kokarin da aka ba nuna godiya da ya Sahaban.

Rayuwa ne wani fitaccen masanin kimiyyar, gaba ɗaya sadaukar da Rasha Kimiyya da Kazan University, ya ƙare Fabrairu 24, 1856. Lobachevsky aka binne shi, da kuma ba a gane lokacin da yake rayuwa, a Kazan, a Arsk hurumi. Kawai bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da halin da ake ciki a duniyar kimiyya ta canja da cika fuska. A babbar rawa a cikin fitarwa da kuma yarda da ayyukan Nikolai Lobachevsky buga wani binciken Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. Fahimtar cewa Euclidean lissafi bayyana cikakken fledged madadin zuwa wani gagarumin tasiri a kan kimiyya duniya da kuma ba da wani tutu zuwa wasu jarumi ideas a daidai kimiyyar.

Place da ranar haihuwa na Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky da aka sani ga dama Sahaban, mai alaka da asalin kimiyyar. A girmamawa Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo aka mai suna a bakin dutse a kan Moon. Sunan mai girma Rasha masanin kimiyya yana da bincike library na University a Kazan, da wanda ya sadaukar da wata babbar bantara na rayuwa. Har ila yau Lobachevskian tituna a birane da yawa a Rasha, ciki har da a Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.