Neolithic - Neolithic ne ...

Mene ne Neolithic? Wannan lokaci da aka samu daga kalmar Helenanci "neos" (sabuwar) da kuma "lithos" (dutse). Masana kimiyya lokaci wannan ne ake kira sabon zamanin a cikin ci gaban 'yan Adam. A takaice, Neolithic - ne New Age Stone, watau karshe mataki na Stone Age. Kuma ya aka sani da uku lokaci na ci gaban: na asali, tsaka-tsaki da kuma sabon. Kowace daga cikinsu ne halin da wasu na musamman abubuwa. Kimiyance wadannan lokuta da ake kira Paleolithic, Mesolithic, kuma a karshe da Neolithic. Table m tarihi ya nuna halaye na kowane.

Shahararren baturen tarihi karni na sha tara Lubbock kira Neolithic Palaeolithic adawa - wani lokaci na Stone Age. Its halayyar alama ne gaban kasa da kuma rawar soja da kayayyakin aiki.

Lokacin da wani lokaci na Neolithic?

A takamaiman ranar farkon wannan zamanin wanda zai iya ba su suna ba, saboda wasu amfanin gona ya shiga da shi a gabãnin haka, yayin da wasu - daga baya. A farko al'ummai waɗanda, sun sanya wani mataki a gaba da kuma kai wani sabon mataki na tarihi ci gaba, akwai mutane da suke zaune a kan ƙasa na yankin gabas ta tsakiya wani 9.5 dubu. BC. Shi ne daga wannan lokaci ake dangantawa miƙa mulki daga appropriating al'adu irin (farauta da taro) zuwa samar da abinci (dabba husbandry, noma da kuma aikin noma). A tarihin 'yan adam Neolithic ne dauke da wani gagarumin shugaban farko idan aka kwatanta da Mesolithic da Paleolithic. A cikin nazarin da halaye na kowane daga cikin lokuta na Stone Age sanarwa da yawa sabon abubuwa faru a cikin na uku kuma karshe lokaci. Duk da haka, bayan da sabuwar dabara na dutse kayan aikin, har ma ya fi basira da kuma masterfully sanya a cikin wani ba lokaci, Adam ya ba su tafi ba. A takaice, Neolithic zamanin ƙare daidai lokacin da ya maye gurbin dutse kayan aikin zo karfe. Bayan haka, kamar yadda ka sani, zo da tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe da sauran ƙarni. Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu a duniya akwai al'ummai (American kabilu da mazaunan tsibirin na Oceania), wanda aka ba tukuna shige daga Neolithic da Iron Age. Kuma idan muka ɗauka cewa, sa'an nan zamu iya cewa wannan lokacin ba tukuna cikakken kammala ga bil'adama baki daya. A takaice, ba da Iron Age ko Neolithic - shi ke ba na shekara-shekara lokaci. Amma mu yankin, a nan, wannan mataki ya fara a kusa da biyar Millennium BC da dade har zuwa na uku, da cewa shi ne misalin shekaru 2,000 da haihuwa.

Abin da ya ba 'yan adam Neolithic?

Eh, abubuwa da yawa. Alal misali, kayan aikin da yake suna sanya daga dutse, amma ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda a cikin Paleolithic da Mesolithic. Su goge, yin gefuna smoother da sharper, suka fadi na sukar ramuka kamar yadda ake bukata (m da ɗan dutsen niƙa). Neolithic mutane ma tsunduma a sakar gidansa da kuma samar da wani sauki dress da shãmaki, wadanda suka rayu a kusa da koguna da tabkuna, tsunduma a kamawa kifi da kuma sauran mazaunan kududdufai. Kifi hannun jari, kazalika da nama, samar da farauta, tare da kwayoyi, berries da kuma daban-daban tushen yarda m mutane don wani lokaci zauna a wuri guda, wato, daga juya cikin makiyaya zaunar. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, ya kai ga yi na farko kananan garuruwa sa'an nan birane. Mazauna gida kuma gudummawar da zargin tukwane da kuma kumar kasko. A farko yunkurin yin amfani da lãka, kamar wani abu ga yi na kayayyakin da sauran kayayyakin da aka sanya a cikin yankin gabas ta tsakiya, a cikin kauyuka na Jarmo, Çatalhöyük da Hacılar. Amma a cikin Far East aka ci gaba Jomon al'adu. Mazauna yankin ne ba kawai ya fara yin amfani da da kuma kumar kasko, amma kuma ya kawo wasu irin lambu da kuma kayan lambu shuke-shuke. Kamar yadda na Turai na da Neolithic kabilan wanzu a farkon matakai ne kawai a kasar Girka.

A mafi tsufa birnin a duniya, ya samo asali a cikin Neolithic lokaci

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da shiri na farko birane ya fara a lokacin da New Age Stone. Babbansu ya kasance da Yariko. Haka ya faru a ƙarshen Mesolithic da kuma farkon Neolithic. A birnin da aka gina a kan banki na Kogin Urdun, cikin abin da yake a yanzu Palestine. A lokacin shiri na farko biranen da mayar da hankali ta kasance a kan kewaye garun. Kuma shi ya ce a cikin wadanda sau tsakanin garuruwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi yãƙi. Sanadiyar haka ne, na yau da kullum sojojin, wanda bambanta sojan kasar sun kafa. A takaice, Neolithic - ne lokacin farko wayewar da aka haife, kazalika da manyan yawan cibiyoyin - birni-sansanin soja.

A Neolithic juyin juya halin

Lalle ne, abin da ya faru a cikin wannan tarihi lokaci, shi za a iya kira juyin juya hali. Da fari dai, shi ne miƙa mulki daga foraging ga m tattalin arziki, da fitowan kumar kasko (a karon farko a farkon Japan al'ada), da fitowan na birane, da samuwar wani kwararren soja, tsunduma a kama kifi da aikin gona, da sauransu.

Neolithic mataki

Masana kimiyya rarrabe uku lokaci na ci gaban wannan zamanin: farkon, na tsakiya da kuma marigayi. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, kana bukatar ka koma ga wani a baya filin a tsakiya da kuma Far East, kuma a cikin Turai part - Girka. A tsakiyar Neolithic kumar kasko ne ci gaba a Gabashin Turai da kasar Sin. Uku, na karshe mataki - marigayi Neolithic. A cike da ya haifar da ci gaba ne a garin dake a cikin ƙasa China na zamani.

Features na rayuwa a zamanin da "Stone Age"

A miƙa mulki ga wata sedentary salon ya kai ga cewa mutane suka fara gina wani karfi da kuma karin ci gidajensu. Tare da ci gaban tukwane da kuma kumar kasko domin gina su m gidajensu farkon mutane suka fara nuna lãka tubalan. Wadannan gidaje gina kusa da juna. Saboda haka suka fara bayyana jama'ar kabilunsu. Kusa da shiri fara noma ƙasar domin samun wadata da abinci. Yana faru domestication na wasu jinsin dabbobi, wanda ya kai ga ci gaban da dabbõbi kiwo. Wani reshe na kasa tattalin arzikin, wanda ya samo asali da kuma aka ci gaba a cikin Neolithic lokaci - handicraft. Domin mazaunan sabuwar nucleated ƙauyuka, wanda daga baya ya juya zuwa cikin birni, ya wajaba ga yi na daban-daban kayayyakin: dukiya housewares, .. Clothing cikakken bayani, m furniture, kayan ado, da dai sauransu Af, wani muhimmin alama na Neolithic lokaci ne da fitowan na sakar gidansa. Hakika, wannan bai faru ba nan da nan. Kafin cewa, mutane sun koyi saƙa kwanduna, suka kama kifi da raga.

musayar

A kowace kabilar tsaya sana'a wanda mafi nasara a samar da wasu takamaiman abubuwa. Wancan ne, suka daukarsa Masters su craft da kuma fara shirya wadannan abubuwa ba kawai ga 'yan'uwansu, amma kuma ga makwabta kabilu. Kamar wancan tashi manufar barter.

Flint - da main iri na dutse a cikin Neolithic lokaci

Wannan irin na mutane na wannan tarihi lokaci, mined a hanyoyi biyu: tattara a farfajiya na kogin kwari da kuma samar a mahakar, cewa shi ne farkon hakar ma'adinai. Yi aiki duwatsu don ƙirƙirar aiki kayan aikin a hanyoyi da dama: .. Retouched, dangantakar upholstery, kwakwalwan kwamfuta, da dai sauransu. Daga baya Masters ne masu tasowa sabon dabaru, wato, milling, nika da sawing. Tare da wadannan dabaru, armourers fara yin kaifi makamai. Kamar wancan ga handpieces amfani da kashi. Wukake hada duka biyu kashi da duwatsu bayani. Sauran abubuwa da cewa ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Neolithic shekaru - da shekaru sabon dutse kayan aikin - ne gatura, chisels, adze, kurfi, da dai sauransu Da zuwan da gatari mutane mun kasance iya gina jirgin, rafts, katako gidaje, da dai sauransu ....

art

Neolithic mutane ma gravitated zuwa zane-zane. The images dauka a lokacin wannan zamani, akwai ya kasance wani tada adam shafi tunanin mutum aiki. Domin lafiya art zane-zane da za a iya dauke duqufar zuwa bayanin irin yaki. Sun zanen gaya game da abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamanin. Musamman sha'awa ne zane samu a kan ƙasa na zamani Norway. Inda mutane da dabbobi da suke sketchy hoto cewa ya nuna da m tunani. Wasu abubuwa suna nuna a cikin nau'i na lissafi siffofi, wato, suka nufi da wadannan abubuwa, amma bai wuce su, ƙidãya.

ƙarshe

Neolithic - New Age Stone, na karshe lokacin da mutane ƙirƙira baƙin ƙarfe kayayyakin aiki, daga cikin Stone Age da Bronze ketare.