Na farko taron na Soviet da iko a fannin tattalin arziki: tarihi, description da kuma effects

Long kafin, a lokacin da na farko da matakan na Soviet ikon da aka za'ayi a cikin tattalin arzikin, ta msar tambayar siyasa shirin ya tafi, ta hanyar da dama, saukarwa na ci gaba. A Bolsheviks suka goyi matsananci hagu-reshe ra'ayoyi, da kuma ra'ayoyi da ba tukuna aka aiwatar a kowace ƙasa a duniya. Saboda haka, ayyukansu a cikin yanayi na gwaji.

Akidar gaban da haihuwa tattalin arzikin

A Bolsheviks sun kasance a kwalkwali na jihar bayan juyin juya hali a Petrograd. The kama da Winter Palace da kuma dukan Rasha babban birnin kasar aka tare da danniya da da magoya bayan jamhuriyar. Har zuwa karshen yakin basasa, da key yanke shawara riƙi a cikin jam'iyyar, Vladimir Lenin da Leon Trotsky. Sun yi shi da hedkwatar Smolny, inda, da kuma tsara ayyukan.

Na farko taron na Soviet ikon da aka gudanar na gaba rana bayan juyin mulkin. A cewar sabon kalanda, wanda aka gabatar a 'yan watanni baya, a titi tsaya Nuwamba 7, 1917, lokacin da aka sanar da game da farkon na nationalization na Enterprises da kuma kasar ta albarkatun kasa.

Bisa ga Leninist da kuma akidar Karl Marx akida, da dukan dukiya, haka ya wuce cikin hannun mutane (ko kuma wajen, da proletariat). A gaskiya, shi ne, ba shakka, ba haka al'amarin. A dukiya ya zama jama'a. Na farko taron na Soviet gwamnati da aka mayar da hankali a kan bukatar shirin yaqi duk da albarkatun da na Petrograd da kuma sarrafawa da yankuna don tabbatar da nasarar da Bolsheviks a cikin gwagwarmaya da abokan hamayyar siyasa.

Haramta shi, kuma confiscatory ayyuka da cewa ya faru a lokacin yakin basasa, da aka kira "yaki kwaminisanci." Yana da aka ba kawai da dokokin da suka shafi tattalin arziki, amma kuma dokoki, aka yi nufi ga sojoji, da sauransu. D.

Nationalization na bankuna

A farko wanda aka azabtar ya ayyana nationalization karfe gwangwani. Jam'iyyar ya muhimmanci don samun matsayin mai yawa kudi ne sosai, wanda sannan za a ciyar a kan yaki. State Bank aka located in St. Petersburg, aka kama a ranar farko dare na juyin juya hali, a lokacin da wani detachment sojoji da matuƙan karya a cikin ginin cibiyoyin, da kuma kwace duk kudin. A watan farko na wannan mummuna hoto za a iya gani a cikin duk yankuna na babban birnin kasar.

A Bolsheviks wajaba su ayyuka da dokokin soma retroactively. Kawai a cikin Disamba, akwai wani umurnin da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars, bisa ga abin hukumance soke mafi girma a bankuna - tsada Land da kuma baƙauye Land. Su aka kafa a zamanin Alexander III da ya rance ga gonaki da kuma kyauyen. Tare da wadannan rance, da yawa manoma sun iya haifar da daga karce naka gona da kuma matsawa zuwa Siberia ga Stolypin shirin. Manyansu banki iya daina zama domin sauki dalilin cewa nobility matsayin zaman aji da aka soke da wani umurnin da SNK. Loans ga manoma ma rasa su munasaba a cikin yaki.

tsabar kudi janyewar

Very da sauri, bankunan sun daina zama tushen ƙarin kudi ga jam'iyyar. Saboda haka, na farko taron na Soviet gwamnatin bayan sanin da matsalolin tattalin sa a mai yawa kwata na kudi daga wajan jama'a. Daga cikin asusun mutane cire manyan kudade, kazalika da kwace daraja karafa - zinariya da azurfa. State Bank mika fitar da adadin ba fiye da 500 rubles.

Duk da haka, ko da wannan "jayayya" da yawan juya a kira su da ma'ana. Saboda yakin duniya na farko da kuma tarzomar, Civil a Rasha ya fara hyperinflation. Ruble devalued a cikin idanu, don haka babu yin amfani da sauran kudaden daga cikin yawan kasance ba.

masana'antu Kama

Wani muhimmin batu shi ne nationalization na kasar masana'antu. A nan, halin da ake ciki ya fi rikitarwa. Matsalar shi ne, a lokacin da Tsarist Rasha sha'anin a cikin daular mulkinsu halitta da kuma ci gaba a kudi na kasashen waje babban birnin kasar. Shi ne wata al'ada sabon abu hade da hadewa cikin gida, tattalin arzikin a duniya kasuwar. Alal misali, Birtaniya, 'yan kasuwa sun tashi haikan a cikin ci gaban da Donetsk ci tasa, inda akwai zamani shuke-shuke da babban yawan jobs.

A yakin duniya na farko ba zai faɗakar da waje masana'antun, amma shi ya kasance wani babban al'amari. Fabrairu juyin juya halin karshe gurgunta amincewa a cikin zaman lafiyar na jihar masu. Yana fara jirgin na babban birnin kasar, wanda zai iya ba ko da dakatar da garabasa fasali na Rasha kasuwar (misali, cheap aiki).

na zaman babban birnin kasar duka

A farkon watanni uku ta mulkinsa, da gurguzun nationalized kusan dubu Enterprises. Da yawa daga cikinsu an marayu da kuma watsi da su. A rabo daga kowane fanni na samar da ake shawarce dabam da umurninMu. A May zo da dokoki a kan nationalization na sukari masana'antu, da kuma a cikin watan Yuni, a irin wannan shawarar da aka dauka a kan kamfanonin mai. By fall na yawan masana'antu da kuma shuke-shuke, da an samu daga Soviet da iko, shi kusata da dubu goma mark.

Tsohon zaman masu ba su samu wani ramuwa bayan da kwata na dukiya. Wannan ya sa 'yan kasuwa sun zo ba tukuna fuska da fuska tare da kafa Koli tattalin arziki Council, kawai gudu kasar. Wannan jari hujja tsoro ya jagoranci na farko da matakan na Soviet iko. A tarihin zaman kansa kasuwanci a Rasha ne a kan, shi ne lokacin da za a rigidly Karkasa tattalin arzikin.

abinci rabo

A yakin duniya na farko ya tilasta wa tsarist gwamnatin ƙarasa da gabatarwar da hatsi kenkenewa da ragi. Na farko taron na Soviet da iko a wannan yankin ya ci gaba da wannan manufar, kawo kasar don yunwa. Abinci rabo manoma zamar masa dole ya ba da jihar ɓangare na da girbi. Tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki a gaban kuma fashewa da yakin basasa rage rations zauna kyauyen. A mazauni ne na wuraren yaki ja da fari, sun sha wahala sosai. Akwai sau lokacin da daya tattalin arzikin sau da yawa washe da daban-daban jam'iyyun da rikici.

Su ne toughest matsayin na bayar da abinci, da hatsi. A farko matakan na Soviet gwamnati a cikin tattalin arzikin da ya kai ga cewa manoma zauna kawai na kudin mai rai. Vintage 1919 sha wahala har ma fiye da lokacin da kwace dankali. Bugu da kari, da manoma ya kwashe naman da yanka shanu. A 1920, 'yan kyauyen aka hana kusan dukkan amfanin gona. Mafi yawa daga cikin kwace kayayyakin soja aka, yayin da wasu da aka fitar dashi, da kuma samu daga gare shi a riba sake kashe a soja bukatun.

A bala'i a noma

Tare da kowane girbi manoma tuhumce karfi. Damunsu ta ɓulɓula cikin fitina, wanda aka gilla mur da Red Army. Instigators da mahalarta da zanga-zanga da aka harbe a matsayin counter-yunkuri. A mafi tsanani baƙauye tawaye a lokacin yakin basasa da kuma War Kwaminisanci ya Tambov, ko Antonovskoe tawaye (don haka ya kira ta da sunan daya daga cikin shugabannin da motsi). Don 'yan kyauyen shiga Red Army deserters da demobilized sojoji. A danniya na tawaye a 1920-1921 gg. da aka jefa babba sojoji, ya jagoranci Mikhail Tukhachevsky. A Tambov shi aka farko amfani da m da makamai masu guba. Kashe fiye da dubu 10 da manoma.

A farko matakan tattalin arziki na Soviet da iko a fannin aikin noma da ya kai ga kowa da kowa da yunwa a kasar. A mafi tsanani bala'i fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a Volga yankin, inda a 1921-1922. starved 40 da mutane miliyan, game da miliyan 5 sun mutu.

A farko matakan tattalin arziki na Soviet gwamnatin samu cikin hali na kasa bala'i. Wannan ya faru saboda Bolsheviks dauki ma m sake fasalin a cikin yakin basasa. Repartition na noma, da nationalization na bankuna da kuma masana'antu sun kasance a ƙarƙashin m akida taken. Babu haukata 'yan adawa da wannan hanya ba a cikin gwamnati, da kuma discontented yawan aka baka tsoro da danniya. M hukumar ta samu izni a harbe ba tare da fitina ga zargin da "counter".

Kwata na dukiya na coci

Squeezing da albarkatun kasar, da Bolsheviks koma ga kwata na duk abin da za a iya sayar. Saboda taso yunwa fara gangamin kama coci dukiya. A wannan filin na farko da matakan na Soviet ikon ne ba kawai tartsatsi looting, amma ainihin halakar da Ibada. Matakan tattalin arziki aka tare da farfaganda da kuma akida yaki da "firistoci."

Kwace dukiya ya je taimakon yunwa ta fara addabar mutane na Volga yankin, ko da yake ya ba ko da yaushe haka. Mass mutuwar yankunan karkara yawan daga yunwa ya culmination na tattalin arziki siyasa, tsohon ɓangare na yaki kwaminisanci.

NEP

Bala'in halin da ake ciki a kasar bayan yakin basasa ya kai ga Lenin a kan akida da jayayya. Ya kasance cikin Mafarin sabon tattalin arziki siyasa, da aka sani da New Tattalin Policy. A hanya da aka hukumance soma da jam'iyyar a X Congress a 1921.

A wannan mahallin, manufar "na farko da matakan na Soviet ikon" yana nufin monetary garambawul. Godiya ta sabon ruble zama canzawa kudin. Har ila yau requisitioning aka soke - shi aka maye gurbinsu da wani haraji a irin. Ya aka bambanta da cewa yanzu ba a kama 70% na hatsi, da kuma 30%. Wadannan matakan taimaka wajen daidaita catastrophic halin da ake ciki a fannin aikin gona.

Me kasance na farko da matakan na Soviet ikon nan? Ministan harkokin wajen babban birnin kasar da aka janyo hankalin, kazalika da lokaci a yarda wasu kasuwar tattalin arziki kida (siffofin daban-daban na kananan kasuwanci). NEP kawo kasar daga rikicin. A 1924, Lenin mutu, kuma tare da zuwan da "sabon hanya" na da ikon Stalin an soke ta. Akwai wani mãkirci tattalin arzikin da kuma shekaru biyar shirin, wanda ya zama tushen da Soviet tsarin.