1609-1611: kāriyar Smolensk. Events Rasha-Polish yaki, da tarihi na Rasha

A 1609-1611 tsaron na Smolensk ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin matsaloli a Rasha, lokacin da kasar da aka tsage baya da ciki rikice-rikice da kuma kasashen waje baki.

Abubuwan da ake bukata don a kewaye

A hari na Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin a Smolensk shi ne na farko episode na Rasha-Polish yaki a cikin Lokaci na matsaloli. A kewaye da birnin karkashin jagorancin Korol Sigizmund III. Monarch farmaki Rasha bayan jerin Kasadar na Yaren mutanen Poland magnates.

Back a 1604 a kan ƙasa na Commonwealth ya nuna up mayaudarin wanda ya yi kamar yana wani dogon-matattu Tsarevich Dmitry (dan Ivana Groznogo). Wannan mutum ya Gregory Otrepyev - gudun hijira m wanda ya yanke shawarar zama sarki, impersonating marigayin rightful magaji zuwa kursiyin. A wannan lokaci a cikin Moscow, Boris Godunov dokoki. Ya ba su kasance a cikin Rurik daular. Bugu da kari, a lokacin mulkinsa saboda amfanin gona gazawar wani m yunwa. Poor da m-bayi zargi da sarki don su tsautsayi, da kuma kawai jiran bayyanar arya Dmitry.

Otrepyev soja kurum marar da goyon bayan da Polish nobility, ciki har da iyali Mniszek. Aristocrats ba shi kudi, kuma mafi yawan sojojin na ƙãƙalen faɗarsa sanya Cossacks daga Yaren mutanen Poland-Russian iyakar yankunan. A 1605, na ƙarya Dmitry, da farin ciki daidaituwa, ya iya kama iko a Moscow.

Ya sanya ayarinsa Dogayen sanda kuma ya ba su manyan mukamai a jihar. Shi ke ba son haihuwa Moscow Elite. A ƙulli a cikin abin da ta arya Dmitry aka kashe da kuma Dogayen sanda taso keya up da kuma sa a kurkuku. A sabon sarki shi ne tsohon ubangijina Vasiliy Shuysky.

Fara na Rasha-Polish yaki

Duk wannan lokaci Korol Sigizmund zauna tsaka tsaki. Duk da haka, da kame da dama Yaren mutanen Poland manyansu kai shi ya yi fushi. A lokaci guda a Rasha, wani sabon ƙãƙalen faɗarsa, wanda historiography da aka sani da arya Dmitry II. Ya aka shiga da Polish aristocrats, ya kwanan tsira wani m tayarwa gāba da Sigismund.

An sojojin barayi da adventurers fadi a karkashin Moscow da kuma ragged sako na babban birnin kasar tare da sauran birane a kasar, sabili da haka da ya kwarara daga kayayyakin a cikin shi da sauran albarkatun. A birnin na yunwa. Shuya amince da su saki daga kurkuku na duk Dogayen sanda. A daidai wannan lokaci da sarki ya yi wani ƙawance da Swedish sarki, alamar arewacin maƙwabcinsa 'yan yankunan domin taimako a cikin yaki da ƙãƙalen faɗarsa.

Sigismund aka maƙiyi daga cikin Swedish kambi. Ya dauki wani ƙawance tsakanin makwabta a matsayin hukuma hujjar da yaki. Yaren mutanen Poland monarch fatan ya da ewa ba zai iya kai Moscow, domin, a wannan lokaci Rasha da shekaru da yawa da aka a Jihar hargitsi. A 1609 Sigismund hukumance ayyana yaki Shumsky da dakarun koma kan iyaka.

Shirye-shirye domin yaƙi ya kewaye

Haka abin ya fara da kewaye na Smolensk. Wannan birni yana located a kan hanya daga Poland zuwa Moscow da kuma shi ne babban "garkuwa" ga babban birnin kasar. By sansanin soja zo 20000th Polish sojojin. A wannan lokaci a Smolensk wani kananan 5000th sansanin, karkashin jagorancin gwamna Mikhail Shein.

A kan Hauwa'u na da yakin neman jefa, a cikin Janairu 1609, Sigismund da Sejm a Warsaw, inda nobility miƙa wani shiri karkashin abin da ya so ya sanya a kan Rasha gadon dan Vladislav. A cikin bazara ya fara din hare-hare na Yaren mutanen Poland da sojojin a Rasha iyakar garin mulkin. Mikhail Shein, da sanin cewa nan da sannu iya zo Smolensk real sojojin, pre-shirya yi na outposts a kan karkata birnin. A matsayi na sansanin soja rincabewa a lokacin bazara duk hanyoyi na babban birnin kasar da aka shagaltar da dakarun arya Dmitry. Kamar yadda da babban sansanin da aka located a cikin kewayen birni Tushino, shi da kansa ya fara kira Tushino, da dakarun - maza na Tushino.

A kewaye da Smolensk, sandunan iya yi ƙare sosai da sauri, idan ba ga m mataki Shein. Ya tara dukan Gunners, maharba da boyar yara da suke kusa da nan. A watan Agusta, Gwamnan yana rayayye aika fitar da littafai a kan daukar ma'aikata da sojoji daga daban-daban kadarori. M manoma da aka sanar da su rike makamai, don haka abin da suka iya kuma kare garinsu.

Garrison gwamnan kasu kashi biyu. Dubu biyu da mutane sun kasance a wani yanayi na kewaye raka'a, wanda ya tashi zuwa karshen kare ganuwar da sansanin soja. Sauran sojojin ƙaddara ga kai hare-hare a cikin zangon maqiya. Siege Garrison kasu kashi 38 m raka'a, kowanne daga abin da aka kare daya hasumiya a kan kusurwoyi. Idan kai hare-hare ba, na biyu, na daga cikin sojojin da shiga cikin shaida, kuma ya taimaka a yankunan inda abokan gaba zai iya daukar fiye da.

Wannan ke ci gaba da tsaro na Smolensk daga Dogayen sanda. A halin da ake ciki a ciki sansanin da mutuncin da'a. Voevode gudanar da shirin yaqi duk da albarkatun da na birni. Fararen hula sun kuma taimaka sansanin. Su halarci yau da kullum da sintiri a kusa da bango. A sabis da aka gudanar a canjawa, da barin Agogon saka idanu tsaro a birnin iyakoki.

Tsibirin ne ma da tambaya tashi daga tenements. Yana yana daga cikin birni, located a waje da birnin katangu. A total number of gidaje da aka kai 6000. Dukan su sun kone da Dogayen sanda ba zai iya girma Tushen akwai. Population Posada boye cikin ganuwar, saboda abin da ya fara a birnin rikice-rikice a kan gidaje. Ƙarshe Shein bayar da umarni bisa ga abin da dukiya masu kasance free to bari rashin gida. Cash haya da aka dakatar da. Wannan ya yarda rikice-rikice subside. Duk da yake Rasha mulki sha wahala daga hare-haren na daban-daban makiya, Smolensk rayayye shirya don tsaron gida.

A bayyanar Dogayen sanda a cikin ganuwar Smolensk

A farko shirya Polish sojojin kusata Smolensk Satumba 16, 1609. Suna shiryar da kyaftin Lev Sapieha. Bayan wani kwanaki uku da ganuwar sun sojojin sarki Sigismund III. Da farko, a cikin makiya sojojin dubu 12 mutane, amma a kan lokaci da wannan adadi ya kai alamar 22,000. Duk da ban sha'awa size na abokin sojojin da wasu disadvantages. Yana da aka tsara da farko ga filin yaƙi, don haka dole ga kewaye da dakaru da manyan bindigogi da aka kusan fakowa ba. Mafi zamani masana tarihi sun yarda da cewa Sigismund taba faruwa don su kewaye da birnin na dogon lokaci, da kuma fata ya samu da makullin daga gare shi nan da nan bisa isowa zuwa Ƙofar. Amma ya yi zato bai zo gaskiya.

A farkon da kewaye na Smolensk aka alama ta gaskiya cewa Yaren mutanen Poland invaders sun shagaltar da wani yanki daga game da ashirin murabba'in kilomita a kusa da birnin. A 'yan manoma, wanda a wancan lokaci aka har yanzu suke zaune a wajen birnin Smolensk, an hana duk abinci kayayyaki - su kawai kwace don ciyar da shugaban sojojin sarki. Bugu da kari, 'yan kyauyen da samar da kayayyakin a nan gaba. Wannan ya kai ga cewa mafi yawan mazauna yankunan kawai gudu zuwa cikin dazuzzuka, amma ba zai hada gwiwa tare da abokan gaba. Lokacin da Yaren mutanen Poland dakarun karshe armashi, wajen Smolensk gwamnan tafi wakilin wuya da sallama daga birnin. Abinda ke ciki na Smolyan martani sãɓawa jũna. A cewar daya daga version, da kewaye mazauna bai amsa ga wani abu, a kan sauran - sun yi alkawarin gaba lokaci zuwa sha ruwa daga cikin Dnieper Dogayen sanda (watau jirãgen).

farko hari

Yana tsawon kusan shekaru uku (1609-1611) da tsaro na Smolensk. Abin lura shi ne cewa Dogayen sanda ba su ma sun yi wani yaƙi ya kewaye da shirin da kuma ba da farko ya kawo dole manyan bindigogi. Wannan cuta da aka hade tare da m bukatun na Sigismund sauri sallama daga birnin. Lokacin da aka maye gurbinsu da janar da kuma Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky, sa'an nan gaskiya na ce wa sarki cewa sojojin rasa da albarkatun da za su gudanar da wani cin nasara yanzu-yanzu hari. Ya haka samarwa bar Smolensk a cikin kawancen, da kuma babban sojojin su matsa zuwa Moscow. Sigismund, duk da haka, irin wannan shirin ba ta amince da ba da umarnin a shirya domin kai hari.

Yaren mutanen Poland injiniyoyi sun yi kokarin rushe da dama ƙofofin, amma ba su yi nasarar, da kuma duk saboda kare birnin, a lokacin da za a kafa da log-gidan, cike da duwatsu da kuma duniya. Wadannan yunkurin da aka yi a lokacin da rana, yayin da sojojin hankali da ayyuka na abokan gaba. Next kamfani ya faru a dare. Dogayen sanda har yanzu gudanar don rushe Avramievskie ƙofofin, amma ba m amfani ga wani wadãtar. The sojojin ba zai wuce ta wurin rata saboda matalauta kungiyar na kai hari da kuma marigayi sakonni farkon wannan harin, wanda aka gani da sansanin. Resistance Smolensk Wata mamaki domin maharan. Sojojin bude nauyi wuta, wadda mowed da darajõji daga cikin Dogayen sanda da kuma Lithuania. Dalilin da manyan hasarori da yake a cikin m yi na storming sojojin. Rasha kibiya ya fadi a kan abokan gaba kusan kowane lokaci. Outgunned kare yarda su zuwa wuta ko da da sarauta sansanin, wanda aka located a wani babba nesa daga wurin kai tsaye yaki na ƙofar.

Bayan da gazawar a kan m flank na Dogayen sanda ya yi niyyar zuwa da m a arewacin da kuma yammacinta na USAID. Babban mummunan fadan da ya faru a kusa da Dnieper Pyatnitskikh da ƙõfõfi inda daruruwan sojoji a garesu aka kashe. A wannan mawuyacin halin da Mikhail Shein brilliantly amfani da dabara na tasiri alkawari da kuma mobile ajiye, wanda ya bayyana inda suka kama yaƙi a juya a cikin ni'imar da abokan gaba.

A bindigogi na kananan zamo, wanda mallakar da besiegers a farkon kwanaki, bai sa muhimmanci lalacewar Garu Mai Faɗi Smolensk sansanin soja. Yana faranta zuciyar kare da suka ga cewa aikin banza ne da kokarin da makiya.

Za na dogon kewaye

A farko m hari ƙare Satumba 27, 1609. Lokaci na matsaloli ba ya hana kagara kare nasarar gama da kuma gani, maƙiyi harin. A farkon Oktoba zuwa precipitating sojojin da aka shiga da 10 000 mutane daga cikin Cossacks. Wani sabon mataki na yaƙi. Yanzu da Polish injiniyoyin da sappers kokarin halaka abokan gaba ganuwar, resorting to yaudara. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ko da sarki hayar wani yammacin waje masana (ciki har da Jamus), wanda ya yi nasarar jagorancin nawa yaƙi a lokacin Turai rikice-rikice. Yi ya nuna cewa babban ɓangare na da kokarin a Smolensk ne a banza.

A lokaci guda Sigismund ba shiri da sojojin shirya domin kai hari. Amma da kare Smolensk ba a zaune rago. Garrison barci kusan duk ƙofofin, Munã rage zuwa m da yawan wuraren da suka iya shiga cikin birni. Scouts dace bayyana yau da kullum da nawa da kafuwa a cikin ganuwar kuma bai ba da wata cũta Dogayen sanda kufaifan. A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar sojojin saukar duk vulnerabilities, ta hanyar abin da makiya iya samun ciki. Akwai yau da kullum da masu gadi da aka shirya.

A wannan yanayin, da kewaye dade watanni da dama. Lokaci da Lokaci Smolensk shirya sortie, a lokacin da ya hallaka maƙiyi kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma fitar da ruwa. Tare da farko na hunturu, kamar tashi squads aka aika zuwa tattara itace. A halin yanzu, kwamandan Mikhail Skopin-Shuya karshe unblocked Moscow. Bayan haka, a raya na Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin fara aiki yaƙin yaƙi. Yana a tarwatsa da kuma sojojin Sigismund yi jinkiri ajiye.

Duk da haka, da rashin alheri ga Smolyan, hunturu 1609-1610 gg. Yana tsaye daga musamman matsananci. Frosts raunana sojojin da kuma bar shi tare da kusan babu kayayyaki. A birnin na yunwa. Lokacin kusa Moscow Tushino sansanin fadi, da yawa Dogayen sanda, wanda ya kasance a cikin Moscow, ya zo a karkashin umurnin Zolkiewski kuma Ya ƙãra matsa lamba a kan kewaye Smolensk. A cikin bazara birnin koya daga kwatsam da mutuwar Skopin-Shumsky, wanda duk ya wakilta bege na nasara kan interventionists. The matasa kwamandan, ya mutu a birnin Moscow bayan da aka insidiously guba da boyars.

Duk da wannan masifa ta, da sarauta sojojin tukuna koma daga cikin babban birnin kasar, kõre invaders daga ganuwar da kewaye birni. Wannan sojojin da aka ci a yakin Klushino Yuni 24, 1610. A lashe juya a kira su duka guda Stanislav Zolkiewski wanda musamman bar sansanin kusa Smolensk, to ba wani hukunci yaƙi Rasha-Swedish sojojin. Amma ko da wannan labari ba hana da kewaye so in yi yaƙi da invaders har karshen.

Wannan bazara da Dogayen sanda karshe kawo cikakken manyan bindigogi, babban mai tsanani barazana ga garun birnin. Smolensk The kewaye ci gaba. Yuni 18 game da faceted hasumiya bindigogi gudanar ya karya ta hanyar babban rata. Sigismund da umarnin a farkon na gaba da kai hari. uku hare-haren da aka sanya, amma duk da su, ga mamaki na sarki, ya ci tura. Smolyan zahiri jefa Dogayen sanda daga hutu. Voivod Shein a cikin tsaro taimake shiryar da Bitrus Gorchakov.

Karshe kadaici da Smolensk

A halin yanzu, daga Moscow zo labarai cewa Sarkin Vasiliy Shuysky aka kifar a lokacin juyin mulki boyar. New Kremlin shugabanni sun magoya bayan na Yaren mutanen Poland sarki. A historiography na short-rayu gwamnatin da aka sani da Bakwai Boyars. A Smolensk zo da domin ya mika wuya da birnin zuwa Sigismund. Duk da haka, Mikhail Shein ƙi yin biyayya. The mazaunan sansanin soja baki daya goyon ya yanke shawara. Smoot da siyasa canje-canje a Moscow da wani sakamako a kan yanayi na kewaye. Bayan kusan shekaru biyu da wahala mutane saba wa wani iri-iri na wahalhalu da kuma ƙi Dogayen sanda.

Sigismund koya game da fitina Shein ya Smolensk tsawon kwanaki uku don mika wuya da birnin. In ba haka ba ya yi alkawarin zartar da duk. A halin yanzu Smolensk da wani rami da matsayi na sandunan da kuma gurgunta su manyan bindigogi. A sakamakon haka, Sigismund ya nemi sabon bindigogi a gida, wanda aka tsĩrar zuwa gaban yãƙi a wani watanni biyu. A wannan lokaci, da kewaye mazauna gudanar ya kama ya numfashi. Wasu Smolensk boyars shakka wajibcin tsaro saboda faduwar Moscow. Shein suppressed mayaudara yanayi. Bugu da kari, a cikin kaka shi ya zama sananne game da kungiyar na farko Mutane da mayakan sa kai, wanda kawai ƙarfafa bege na kare a kan nasu ceto.

A fall na sansanin soja

Na biyu, yaƙi ya kewaye hunturu, ba da yawa na tsira. A cikin 'yan shekaru - 1609-1611 - tsaro na Smolensk karshe m mazauna. Sanin wannan, da Dogayen sanda sun dauka Yuni 3 sabon hari. Sun gudanar ya karya ta cikin gibba a cikin ganuwar. Smolensk kare ja da baya zurfi a cikin birni, suka yi yaƙi da invaders a tituna. A invaders halshen wani m kashe. Daga cikinsu akwai unscrupulous sojojin haya, wanda suke ilmantuwa jini. A babban rukuni na gida mazauna, ciki har da mata da yara, suka tattara a cikin babban coci da Monomakh. Ibada sau da yawa zama na karshe mafaka a cikin kewaye garuruwan wadanda sau. A karkashin coci wani gunpowder ɗakunan ajiya. Ya aka nike ukryvshimisya mazauna. The tsãwa kalaman halakar da Haikalin, a lokaci guda kuma bisne yawa invaders.

A rabo Mihaila Sheina da sauran fursunoni

Kamar wancan ƙare da kewaye na Smolensk Dogayen sanda. Brave gwamnan Mikhail Shein, wanda na tsawon shekaru biyu suka yi yaƙi da gidan sarauta, sojojin, kulle kansa a daya daga cikin gãnuwõyi, kuma suka yi jihãdi da Dogayen sanda zuwa karshe. Yan'uwa da suke kusa da shi, ya roƙe shi ya mika wuya, ba su yi kunar bakin wake. A karshe ya saurare ta iyali da kuma ajiye makamansu. Gwamnan ya kai ga Sigismund. Sarkin ya husata, yaƙi ya kewaye ta shekaru biyu, wanda ba kawai tsautsayi sojojin, amma kuma ya sa tsanani reputational lalacewar da monarch. Kashe da yawa manya - da launi na al'umma da kuma goyon bayan da kursiyin. Wannan Mikhail Shein ya kawo duk wannan kunya. Saboda haka, sarki ya bi da fursunonin da duk rashin tausayi. Ya yi umurni da azabtarwa mai mulki, da cewa ya wuce duk magoya bayansa. A saman tikis Shein dauka a Poland, inda hõre jama'a wulãkanci, halayyar ga cewa lokaci: samuwar da aka yi ta cikin birni, suka ɗauke a wani bude karusa, da dai sauransu ...

Smolensk gwamnan, kazalika da yawa wasu gagarumin abokan adawar na Yaren mutanen Poland gwamnati a Rasha kasance a cikin wani dogon lokaci fursuna. Ya ya jimre wani gwajin. Tsohon Tsar Vasily Shumsky, wanda gefen sun Smolensk, aka kama da Dogayen sanda bayan da suka isa Moscow. Hambararren monarch ma aka aika zuwa biya caffa ga Sigismund. A wulãkantãwa taron tare da sarki ya ba, kuma Shein.

Lokacin da Yaren mutanen Poland shiga tsakani a Rasha, ya ƙare a faduwa, kuma ga hukumomi a birnin Moscow ya zo Mikhail Romanov, abu na farko da ya so ya 'yantar da dukan fursunoni, ciki har da gwamnan Smolensk. Wannan ya faru ne kawai a cikin 1619, lokacin da yaki tsakanin kasashen biyu ya karshe kan. Mikhail Shein koma gida a matsayin kasa gwarzo. Yana wani muhimmanci Polish fursuna tare da shi - Fedor Romanov. Da shi shi ne sarki uba, Michael, wanda daga baya ya zama sarki na Moscow.

tsaro darajar

Duk da cewa da shekaru 1609-1611 (Smolensk tsaro ƙare tare da fall na gari) sun yi bakin ciki ga tarihi na Rasha, da nasarar da Polish sojojin za a iya kira a Pyrrhic nasara. Biyu da rabi shekaru na jaruntakar tsayin dakan da mazaunan ware gari aiki a matsayin wani wahayi zuwa sauran Rasha mutane, wanda ze sun kasance daga cikin yaki. Smolensk events zangar da warwatse sojojin a raya. Kamar wancan ne na farko, sa'an nan na biyu da kuma na mayakan sa kai. Yana da wadannan sojojin ƙarshe 'yanci Moscow daga invaders kuma halicci preconditions ga Accession na Romanovs a kan karaga.

A isowa daga cikin sojojin na Sigismund zuwa Smolensk da shekaru biyu da bata lokaci a karkashin ganuwar ta yi tattalin aqibar Poland. Sarki ya aika mafi yawan albarkatun a cikin sansanin, ya raba a kewaye birni, yayin da ya rasa da dabarun himma a Moscow da kuma sauran muhimman yankuna. Lokacin da Smolensk karshe fadi, da Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin sun riga an zub da jini fari kuma ba zai iya zama dogon a Rasha babban birnin kasar. Total kewaye sarki rasa mutum dubu talatin da-horar da sojoji. Sigismund ba su ma tunanin yadda da yawa daga cikin sojojin don su binne Smolensk Kremlin. A tarihin wannan kewaye da aka har yanzu gani a matsayin key juyo da Lokaci na matsaloli. Bayan kama Smolensk, sarki koma kasarsa.

Rasha-Polish yaki na 1609-1618 gg. Yana ƙare da cewa birnin ne har yanzu wuce zuwa Commonwealth. Amma Smolensk ya short-rayu karkashin danniyar baƙi. A 1654, riga da dan Mikhail Romanov Alexei, ya aka koma zuwa ga Rasha daula. A cikin yaki zuwa Moscow ta dũkiyarku da aka annexed Hagu Bank Ukraine (ciki har da Kiev), NUNA tarihi sauyin na gabashin Slavs asashe.

Smolensk kare ta ya zama daya daga cikin mafi tsawo a tarihin kasar. Akwai sun kasance Rasha mulki bai kare su birnin da irin wannan juriya. Bayan dawowar Smolensk lokacin da Alexei Romanov, ya taba zama wani ɓangare na Poland.

A zamani Rasha, shi ya kafa National Unity Day hutu, wanda aka yi bikin shekara a kan Nuwamba 4. Wannan ne ranar shan Moscow Kremlin mayakan na Minin da Pozharsky.