Mene ne nukiliya reactor

The kalmomi "nukiliya reactor" yanzu saba wa duk, a gaskiya, ya zama wata alama ce da wani zamanin. Duk da m hatsarori da yin amfani da irin wannan na'urorin, a cikin hasken da depletion na duniya arzikin man fetur reactors nukiliya man fetur ne sosai alamar rahama.

A nukiliya reactor ne wani injiniya na'ura, a cikin abin da dauki ake sarrafawa fission na fissile rediyoaktif abu, tare da saki da makamashi. Babban manufar - ƙarni na da lantarki (nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke - NPP), da kuma samun nauyi fissile abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur (hira). A farko nukiliya reactor aka taru da kuma sa a cikin aiki a 1942 a Amurka a karkashin kulawa da mashawarta likita ya lokaci - Enrique Fermi. Shekaru uku bayan ta reactor kaddamar Canada, kuma a shekarar 1946 - Rasha.

Mun lura daya muhimmin batu: mutane da yawa ne wanda ba a sani da topic, sau da yawa sun gaskata cewa a nukiliya reactor haifar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, da kuma shi ne mai byproduct na rediyoaktif fissile man fetur. Abin takaici, wannan ba shine al'amarin ba. A hakika, makaman nukiliya reactor ne mai babbar hita, idan ba "reboiler" sanar da zafi matsakaici cewa ya yi aikin amfani da aiki da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta wajen wani al'ada janareta.

Don amsa tambayoyi da yawa, ka yi la'akari da makaman nukiliya reactor naúrar. Fasali, wani nukiliya reactor hada da wadannan abubuwa:

- tsakiyar aiki zone da sauri neutron outcumeser. Wannan shi ne inda fission dauki.

- Layer nuna neutrons. Wajibi ne a rage shigar azzakari cikin farji na ionizing radiation, kazalika da inganta yadda ya dace da kafuwa.

- radiation kariya. Matsayin mai mulkin, kai da garkuwoyi.

- coolant. All halin yanzu model na reactors ne wani muhimmanci na.

- sanda iko na'urar nuclei lalace a lokacin da dauki.

- sanyaya kewaye.

- ginshikai na ramut.

Domin aiki na nukiliya reactors boilers amfani da nauyi karafa - uranium-233, 235 ko plutonium-239. Properties daga wadannan abubuwa ne cewa kowane guda ɗaya na lokacin a cikin atomic tsarin shigarsu maras wata-wata bazuwar (tsagawa). A wannan tsari, da nuclei na atoms saki neutrons. Atom rasa (samun) neutron ne tuba zuwa cikin wani kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Alal misali, a cikin wani iri na Uranium-Plutonium-238 da aka shirya 239. Jifar a kan m kwayoyin halitta na man fetur abu shi ne, godiya ta zuwa ga babban gudun saki ƙarin neutrons. Total ƙaruwa a ci gaban - yana farawa da sarkar dauki na fission. Idan a wannan mataki ba, ka dauki mataki a kan ta tsari, sakamakon wani uncontrolled nukiliya sarkar dauki, tare da wani ambaliyar ruwa saki babban yawa na makamashi (nukiliya fashewa).

Don sarrafa amfanin biyu nauyin Hanyar - gabatar a cikin zuciyar wani outcumeser wanda rage neutron kai-taimako gudun aiwatar da shigar da lambar da ake so na kula da sanduna (cadmium ko boron) mamaye da wuce haddi neutrons.

A lalata na nuclei haifar zafi, wanda heats a zagawa da zafi canja wuri ruwa (ruwa), shi ne tuba zuwa cikin tururi rotates wani injin turbin da lantarki janareta.

Wannan asali makirci. Akwai da dama iri na shi. Alal misali, ruwa-coolant iya zama halitta ko ruwan karkashin matsin. A karshen sa ya yiwu a samu superheated tururi, da kara ingancinsu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ruwa - ba kawai irin coolant (iya zama gas ko wani ruwa karfe). Har ila yau, a wasu juyi na reactors retardant ba a amfani da.