Mene ne mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen? A valence na oxygen da kuma digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka

Duk da muke shaka iska da cewa shi ne mafi yawa nitrogen da oxygen kwayoyin da qananan Bugu da kari wasu abubuwa. Saboda haka, oxygen ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da sinadaran abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ta kwayoyin akwai a wata babbar iri-iri na sinadaran mahadi da cewa an yi amfani da rayuwar yau da kullum. Don bayyana duk da kaddarorin wannan kashi ne bai isa ba da ɗaya da ɗari pages, don haka mu takura da asali facts daga cikin labarun, kazalika da asali kashi halaye - valence da kuma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen, da rabo daga ake ji da asali jiki Properties.

Tarihi na samu na da wani sinadari mai

The hukuma kwanan wata na samu na sinadari "oxygen" ne 1 Agusta 1774. Cewa wannan rana, Birtaniya sunadarai Yahaya. Priestley kammala gwaji a kan bazuwar na Mercury oxide wanda yake a cikin wani shãfe haske jirgin ruwa. masanin kimiyya samu gas da ke goyon bayan konewa Bayan kammala na gwaji. Duk da haka, wannan samu tafi kada a gane ko da masana kimiyya. Mr Priestley tunanin cewa ya zo ba to ware wani sabon kashi da kuma wani ɓangare daga cikin iska. Dzhozef Pristli su sakamakon shared tare da shahararrun Faransa masanin kimiyya da kuma sunadarai Antuanom Lavuaze, wanda ya iya fahimtar abin da ya gaza yin wani Banasare. A 1775, Lavoisier ya iya tabbatar cewa akwai "wani ɓangare daga cikin iska" a zahiri ne mai zaman kanta sinadari kuma suna da shi oxygen, wanda aka fassara daga Girkanci nufin "acid-kafa". Lavoisier sa'an nan ya yi ĩmãni da cewa oxygen ne ba a duk acid. Daga bisani, acid na dabara aka samu cewa ba dauke da oxygen kwayoyin halitta, amma da sunan makale.

Oxygen - musamman kwayoyin tsarin

Active sinadari ne mai colorless iskar gas, odorless kuma m. Chemical dabara - Ya _2. Chemists kira talakawa diatomic oxygen ko "na yanayi oxygen" ko "dioxygen." Kwayar Komayya abu kunshi biyu nasaba oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Akwai kuma wani kwayoyin kunshi uku atoms - Ya _3. Wannan abu ne ake kira lemar sararin samaniya, fiye da cikakkun bayanai game da shi za a rubuta a kasa. A kwayoyin da biyu sunadaran oxygen yana da wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka -2, tun da shi ne iya kafa biyu unpaired electron covalent bond. A samar da makamashi wanda aka saki a lokacin bazuwar (dissociation) oxygen kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin ne daidai 493,57 KJ / mol. Yana mai kyawawan babban bambanci.

A valence na oxygen da kuma digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka

A karkashin valence na da wani sinadari mai suna tuna da ikon yi a kan wani yawan sunadaran da sauran sinadaran abubuwa. A valence na oxygen ne biyu. A valence na oxygen kwayoyin ma daidaita da biyu, tun da biyu kwayoyin halitta da alaka da juna da kuma suna da ikon hašawa zuwa da tsarin ko da daya zarra na wani fili, Ina nufin kafa covalent bond tare da shi. Alal misali, a kwayoyin na ruwa H ₂ Ya sakamakon samuwar covalent shaidu tsakanin daya oxygen zarra da biyu hydrogen atoms.

Oxygen da aka samu a cikin da yawa daga cikin da aka sani sinadaran mahadi. Akwai ma wani raba irin sinadaran mahadi - oxides. Wannan abu samu ta hanyar hada kusan duk wani sinadari da oxygen. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da oxygen a oxides ne daidai -2. Duk da haka, a wasu mahadi wannan adadi na iya zama daban-daban. More game da cewa za a iya bayyana a kasa.

Jiki Properties na oxygen

Al'ada diatomic oxygen ne a gas wanda yana da wani launi, wari da kuma iyawa. A al'ada jihar, ta yawa - 1,42897 kg / m ^3. Weight 1 lita abu ne dan kadan kasa da 1.5 grams, Ina nufin tsarki oxygen shi ne mafi tsananin fiye da iska. Lokacin da mai tsanani, da kwayoyin da aka barranta cikin sunadaran.

Lokacin da matsakaici zazzabi aka saukar zuwa -189,2 ^C. oxygen da shi ta sauya tsarin daga gaseous zuwa cikin ruwa. Kamar wancan akwai tafasa. Lokacin da zazzabi rage-rage zuwa -218,35 ^{° C} akwai wani canji ga tsarin da ruwa crystal. A wannan zafin jiki oxygen ne a cikin nau'i na bluish lu'ulu'u.

A dakin da zazzabi, oxygen ne ƙwauro, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa - a kan ta daya lita 31 milliliter na oxygen. Solubility tare da wasu abubuwa: 220 ml for 1 lita na ethanol, 231 ml for 1 lita na acetone.

Chemical Properties na oxygen

Game da sinadaran Properties na oxygen iya rubuta wani Talmud. A mafi muhimmanci dũkiyar oxygen - wannan shi ne hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Wannan abu ne mai karfi oxidant. Oxygen iya amsa tare da kusan dukan da aka sani abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur. A sakamakon wannan hulda oxides aka kafa, kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya. An oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka a mahadi da sauran abubuwa ne ma su daidaita 2. An misali na irin wannan mahadi ne ruwa (H ₂ Ya), carbon dioxide (CO _2), alli oxide, lithium oxide, da sauransu. Duk da haka, akwai wani category na oxides, kira peroxides ko peroxides. Su peculiarity shi ne cewa akwai wani peroxide kungiyar "-O-O-" a cikin wadannan mahadi. Wannan kungiyar rage oxidative Properties na Yã _2, don haka da cewa mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a oxygen peroxide ne -1.

A tare da tare da Alkali karfe aiki oxygen siffofin superoxides ko superoxide. Misalan irin Tsarin su ne:

• potassium superoxide (KO _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

Su peculiarity ne cewa mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da oxygen a superoxide ne -1/2.

A tare da tare da mafi yawan aiki sinadari - sunadarin flourine, fluorides samu. A su za a tattauna a kasa.

Higher mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a oxygen mahadi

Dangane da abin da abu ne ya mayar da martani tare da oxygen, oxygen bakwai digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka:

1. -2 - a oxides da kuma gudanar da mahadi.
2. -1 - a peroxides.
3. -1/2 - a superoxide.
4. -1/3 - a inorganic ozonide (gaskiya triatomic oxygen - lemar sararin samaniya).
5. +1/2 - a salts da oxygen cation.
6. 1 - a monofluoride oxygen.
7. 2 - a oxygen difluoride.

Kamar yadda za a iya gani, da hakan mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen cimma a oxides da kuma gudanar da mahadi, kuma fluorides yana da ko da m iko. Ba iri daban-daban na interactions za a iya za'ayi a cikin wani yanayin hanya. Domin samuwar wasu mahadi bukatar yanayi na musamman, kamar high matsa lamba, high zazzabi, daukan hotuna rare mahadi da cewa kusan su taba samu a yanayi. Ka yi la'akari da asali oxygen fili tare da sauran sinadaran abubuwa: da oxides, fluorides da peroxides.

Nau'in oxides a kan acid-tushe Properties

Akwai hudu iri oxides:

• asali;
• acid.
• tsaka tsaki.
• amphoteric.

An oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka a wadannan iri mahadi -2.

• Basic oxides - a fili tare da karafa da ciwon low hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi. Yawanci, a lokacin da ya mayar da martani tare da acid din da ake samu da m gishiri, da kuma ruwa.
• Acidic oxides - nonmetal oxides da wani babban mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Bugu da kari, a nan na ruwa kafa acid.
• Baruwan oxides - mahadi wanda ba shiga cikin wani dauki da acid ko da kwasfansu.
• Amphoteric oxides - mahadi da karafa da ciwon low electronegativity darajar. Su ne, dangane da yanayi, nuna kaddarorin da kuma acid da kuma asali oxides.

Peroxides, da mataki na oxygen a hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrogen peroxide da kuma sauran mahadi

Peroxides kira oxygen mahadi da Alkali karafa. Suna samu ta hanyar konewa daga wadannan karafa a oxygen. Peroxides gudanar da mahadi ne musamman m. Suna iya ma za ta shirya da sha na oxygen oxides. Misalan peroxides:

• hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ Ya _2);
• barium peroxide (Bao _2);
• sodium peroxide (Na ₂ Ya _2).

Dukan su da a kowa ne cewa suna dauke da oxygen kungiyar -OO-. Saboda haka, oxygen a hadawan abu da iskar shaka mataki ne -1 peroxides. Daya daga cikin mafi sani mahadi -OO- kungiyar ne hydrogen peroxide. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, wannan fili shi ne wani ruwa kodadde blue. Bisa ga sinadaran Properties na hydrogen peroxide ne mafi cancanta ga mai rauni acid. Tun -OO- hadin a fili yana da matalauta da kwanciyar hankali, ko da a dakin da zazzabi, wani bayani da hydrogen peroxide za a iya bazu zuwa ruwa da oxygen. Shi ne mai iko oxidizing wakili, duk da haka, ta dauki tare da wani karfi oxidizing Properties reductant yana da kawai hydrogen peroxide. A mataki na oxygen a hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrogen peroxide, kamar yadda a wasu peroxides ne -1.

Sauran iri peroxides ne:

• superoxides (superoxides, a cikin abin da oxygen yana da hadawan abu da iskar shaka -1/2).
• inorganic ozonides (musamman m fili da ciwon a anion tsarin lemar sararin samaniya).
• molozonide (fili da ciwon a tsarinta a bond -OOO-).

Fluorides, da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a oxygen OF2

Fluoro - mafi aiki memba na duk halin yanzu da aka sani. Saboda haka, da dauki tsakanin oxygen da kuma sunadarin flourine zama ba oxides, kuma fluorides. Suna haka mai suna saboda wannan fili ba oxygen, da kuma sunadarin flourine ne oxidant. Fluoride ba za a iya samu a cikin halitta hanya. Su ne kawai hada da extracting jam'iyya da sunadarin flourine ruwa-ruwa Koh. oxygen fluorides kasu kashi:

• oxygen difluoride (OF _2);
• monofluoride oxygen (Ya ₂ F _2).

La'akari a zurfafe kowane daga cikin mahadi. oxygen difluoride a da tsarin ne a colorless iskar gas da wani karfi m wari. Bayan da sanyaya takaice a wata yellowish ruwa. The ruwa talauci miscible da ruwa, amma mai kyau iska, sunadarin flourine da lemar sararin samaniya. Chemical Properties na oxygen difluoride - wani karfi oxidant. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a oxygen OF2 ne 1, Ina nufin a cikin wannan fili ne fluoro oxidant da oxygen - rage wakili. OF ₂ ne sosai guba, fiye da m sunadarin flourine kuma fuskanci da yawan guba na phosgene. Babban amfani da wannan irin fili - kamar yadda oxidizer ga propellant, tun oxygen difluoride ba m.

monofluoride oxygen a cikin al'ada jihar ne mai ɗamfarar yellowish. Bayan narkewa, Forms ja ruwa. Shi ne mai iko oxidizing wakili, sosai m in lamba tare da gudanar da mahadi. Wannan fili farfado oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daidaita +2, Ina nufin a cikin wannan fluoride oxygen fili ayyukan matsayin rage wakili, da kuma sunadarin flourine - oxidant.

Lemar sararin samaniya da kuma ta mahadi

Lemar sararin samaniya - wani kwayoyin ciwon uku oxygen atoms bonded zuwa juna. A al'ada jihar ne blue gas. Bayan da sanyaya, da ruwa siffofin mai zurfi blue color kusa Indigo. The m ne a crystal na duhu blue color. Lemar sararin samaniya yana da wani pungent wari, shi iya halitta ji a cikin iska bayan mai tsanani hadari.

Lemar sararin samaniya, kamar yadda ya saba oxygen, ne mai matukar karfi oxidant. Chemical Properties kusa da karfi acid. Lokacin da fallasa su lemar sararin samaniya oxides ƙara musu digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da oxygen juyin halitta. Amma a wannan mataki na saukar da oxygen hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A lemar sararin samaniya sinadaran shaidu ba su da qarfi kamar yadda a cikin Yã _2, don haka _{da cewa} a karkashin al'ada yanayi ba tare da kokarin da shi iya narke a cikin oxygen da saki zafi makamashi. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki sakamako a kan lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin da tare da ragewa matsa lamba lalata aiwatar diatomic oxygen exothermically kara. Haka kuma, idan wani babban fili a lemar sararin samaniya, wannan tsari zai iya haifar da wani fashewa.

Tun da lemar sararin samaniya ne mai matukar karfi oxidant kuma kusan dukkan matakai shafe tare da manyan adadin Yã _2, sa'an nan lemar sararin samaniya ne mai matuƙar mai guba abu. Duk da haka, a cikin sama da yanayi lemar sararin samaniya Layer taka rawar da wani reflector na ultraviolet hasken rana.

Saboda lemar sararin samaniya ta amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje kida haifar da kwayoyin da inorganic ozonides. Wannan ne mai matukar m a kan tsarin al'amari, don haka halittarsu a yanayi ne ba zai yiwu ba. Ozonides aka adana kawai a low yanayin zafi, tun a talakawa zazzabi, su ne musamman mai guba da kuma fashewar.

A amfani da oxygen, da ta mahadi a masana'antu

Saboda gaskiya cewa a wani lokaci, masana kimiyya sun koya, abin da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga oxygen a cikin hulda da sauran abubuwa, shi kuma ta mahadi suna yadu amfani da masana'antu. Musamman bayan da tsakiyar karni na ashirin da aka ƙirƙira turbo Expanders - raka'a iya mayar oxygen zuwa inji m makamashi. Tun da oxygen - musamman flammable abu, to, shi ne a yi amfani da duk masana'antu inda shi wajibi ne cikin yin amfani da wuta da kuma zafi. A lokacin da yankan da kuma waldi na karafa an kuma yi amfani da canisters tare da matsa oxygen don bunkasa harshen waldi na'urar. Oxygen da aka yadu a yi amfani da karfe masana'antu, inda ta matsa Yã ₂ ne kiyaye a high zazzabi tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Matsakaicin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen ne -2. Wannan halayyar shi ne rayayye amfani ga masana'antu na oxides ga manufar kara konewa da kuma sakin thermal makamashi. Liquid oxygen, lemar sararin samaniya, da kuma sauran mahadi dauke da wani babban adadin Yã _{2 ne} aiki a matsayin oxidants propellant. Oxidized oxygen wasu hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi aka yi amfani a matsayin nakiyoyi.

A sinadaran masana'antu, oxygen da ake amfani da matsayin oxidizing wakili a acid-hydrocarbon mahadi, kamar alcohols, acid da kuma kama. D. A magani da ake amfani a rage matsa lamba ga marasa lafiya da huhu da matsaloli, ya kula da rayuwar da kwayoyin. A noma, kananan allurai tsarki oxygen da ake amfani da waddan kifi a cikin tafkunan, domin kara da rabo daga dabbõbin ni'ima, da kuma kamar. D.

Oxygen - mai iko oxidizing wakili, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga wanzuwar

Sama da shi ya mai yawa da aka rubuta game da abin da oxygen yana da wani hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar a lokacin da ya shiga dauki tare da daban-daban mahadi da abubuwa, abin da iri oxygen mahadi, akwai, abin da iri rai barazana da kuma wanda ba. Daya iya zama m - kamar yadda a duk da yawan guba da kuma wani babban matakin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen ne daya daga cikin abubuwa da suke da muhimmanci ga rayuwar a duniya? Gaskiyar cewa wannan duniya tamu ne mai matukar daidaita jiki, wanda aka saba da musamman zuwa ga abubuwa dauke a cikin yanayi Layer. Ta aka hannu a cikin zagayowar, wanda shi ne kamar haka: wani mutum da duk sauran dabbobi cinye oxygen da kuma samar da carbon dioxide, da kuma shuke-shuke a cikin mafi yawan cinye carbon dioxide da kuma samar da oxygen. Duk abin a duniya da aka juna, da kuma asarar daya mahada na sarkar iya warware dukan sarkar. Kada mu manta game da shi da kuma kula da rayuwar a duniya a matsayin dukan, ba kawai da mutum wakilan.