Hadin gwiwa - menene wannan? Definition na kungiyar hadin na jihohi, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko kamfanonin

Lokacin da mataki daukan wani son rai ƙungiya daga kungiyoyi ko daidaikun mutane - ba za mu iya magana game da wani kawance. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin na kowa nufin kayar da wani karfi maƙiyi ko wani kawance. Za a iya gama duk da sojojin da kuma kungiyoyin, amma a cikin tarihin da ya fi shahara, ba shakka, da soja da siyasa ƙawance, tare da mun gwada kwanan nan (ta tarihi nagartacce) sau - tattalin arziki. Amma, sun za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Mene ne hadaka a tarihi?

A farko kawance fito a zamanin da. Zai yiwu, idan da dama kungiyoyin da dayansu daga daban-daban shafukan sun shiga tare da farautar fi girma ganima. Tun wannan lokacin, daban-daban kungiya ta kashin faruwa kullum, da kuma wani lokacin shi ne saboda su ayyuka yi kaifi jũya daga tarihi. Alal misali, kawai wani united Helenawa manufofin zai iya lashe Persidkoe jihar - mafi girma mafi iko daular a lokacin.

Wani lokaci, duk da haka, sa hannu a cikin kawancen ya taka mummunan rawa. A. Hitler sa mai yawa kokarin a farkon yi kawance da Mussolini, sa'an nan ya shawo kan Italian fir'auna zuwa yaki. Amma a gaskiya, da Italiyanci da sojojin da kadan taimako, a akasin haka, da Jamus sojojin ya dauki kashi a gudanar a cikin sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka ba asali ya kamata su aika musu. Bugu da kari, shi ne m bashi zuwa Japan sanya ta Adolf Hitler ya bayyana yaki a kan Amurka.

Ta yaya hankali sun kasance a cikin tarihi na hadin gwiwa?

A tarihin akwai fiye ko žasa kusa hadaka. Wannan yakan haifar da, na farko, da yadda da-hadewa ayyuka na membobinta. Alal misali, a cikin tsarin na irin wannan alliance kamar yadda NATO kullum tsara da kokarin. Don wannan karshen, kungiyar aiki da Arewa Atlantic Council, da Defence, Planning kwamitin da Sakatare Janar, wanda, ba shakka, ba kwamandan a manyan kawance sojojin, amma yana da wani m hankali a cikin kungiyar hadin gwiwa.

A daya hannun, tarihi ya san da yawa da misalai na kasa haɗin gwiwar. A lokacin da shekaru bakwai 'War, Faransa da kuma Prussia kasance daya daga cikin biyu sabani coalitions, amma shi zai nuna, watakila, kawai cewa ba su yaqi tare da juna da kuma abokan adawar da aka ha] a kasar. In ba haka ba, ba su daidaita da ayyuka, har ma da suka yi jihãdi mafi yawa a sassa daban-daban na duniya: Prussia gani hare-hare daga daban-daban bariki a Turai, Faransa a wannan yaki da aka sani a cikin babban mataki da Birtaniya sojojin (kullum m) a cikin mazauna da kuma a teku.

daidai da hadin

Da yawa daga cikin mafi shahara a cikin tarihin coalitions na jihohi sun hada da fiye ko žasa daidai members. An misali ne anti-Napoleonic kawance, wanda ya kammala da kuma rushe daya bayan daya a farkon na XIX karni. Saboda da daidaitakar su members, hadaka kafa da sauri da kuma yarda, amma da sauri fadi baya bayan wani shan kashi, kamar yadda babu karfi cibiyar, wanda zai iya tallafawa Mãsu kai-kawo a cikin gwagwarmaya, ko ma sa ta ci gaba.

Har ila yau, saboda rashin guda hankali nufi duka a sakamakon Napoleon, da kawance ne ba iya cikakken ji dadin 'ya'yan itatuwa da wannan nasara: a cikin Congress of Vienna da shugaban Faransa diplomasiyya, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord gudanar ya shuka shakka tsakanin masõya, saboda wannan, Faransa ya iya kauce wa mafi korau na barazanar ta da sakamakon su hasãra.

unequal hadaka

Amma da aka sani a cikin tarihi na lokuta inda wani furta shugaban dictating su nufin Sauran hadaka. Shi ne, misali, da Delian League. Confederated manufofin biya Athens sa ga kowane cajin, da kuma Athens ya riga ya Fitted fita a kan kudi, na farko, da jiragen ruwa, halittar wadda hadaka aka mayar da hankali, kazalika da overland sojojin. Masana kimiyya da dama ma yi ĩmãni da wannan jam'iyya wani abu talakawan tsakanin kawancen da manufofin da Athenian daular.

Ta hanyar wannan kungiyar Tarayyar karfi ya ko da yaushe amsa kamar yadda guda mahaluži. A downside shi ne Athenian mulkin kama karya a alliance. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci daya ko wani siyasa kokarin rabu da shi - da sakamakon ne Athenian soja expeditions kuma mai tsanani fanarite for kangararrun.

The canji na hadaka a cikin guda jihar

Saboda haka, shi ne, bayyananne cewa tarihi yana kusa ƙawance da 'yan kungiya tare da furta shugaban. A cikin hasken wannan ba abin mamaki bane cewa akwai lokatan lokatai a lõkacin da wani kawance na jihohi juya a cikin wani guda jihar, 'yan kungiyar sun rasa' yancin kai.

Roma a farkon ya nasarar jagoranci wani fairly kusa alliance na Italian manufofin (kamar Delian League). Wani lokaci, wasu daga cikin mambobin bar hadaka, kamar yadda ya kasance a II Punic War, a lokacin da da yawa tsohon Roman masõya goyon Hannibal. Amma a karshen hadaka zama haka kusa da cewa a lokacin da ake kira Social War shi ne masõyan bukaci hadaka zama guda jihar: fatan domin real mulkin su manufofin ba wanzu, da kuma halittar guda jihar ya ba da su hakkokin Roman dan kasa, wanda suka muhimmanci mafi girma hakkokin dan kasa a cikin kungiyar tarayyar manufofin.

Hadin gwiwa na jam'iyyun siyasa

Yana da lokacin da ya tuna da wannan a farkon labarin definition. Hadaka - wani ƙungiyar na ba kawai jihohi, amma kuma duk da sojojin da kuma kungiyoyi. A cikin rayuwar siyasa na Mafiya yawa na zamani mulkin demokra] iyya da hadin jam'iyyun sun zama al'ada rayuwar siyasa.

A jam'iyyar iya yaƙi domin ikon riga a cikin kawance, je zuwa zabe a matsayin united gaban. Alal misali, kasancewar kungiyar Dama Forces ya fara a matsayin wani pre-zaben kungiyar, wanda kawai daga baya aka canza kama zuwa wata jam'iyyar. A daya hannun jam'iyyar iya yin hadin gwiwa bayan zaben ta samar da wata gwamnati na da rinjaye, wanda suke, a sau, m shawararta. Alal misali, a farkon shekarar 2015 a kasar Girka, tare da mafi yawan kuri'un da aka kada jam'iyyar "SYRIZA", ana cikakken kuma bar shirin, da kuma zaben rhetoric, ya hada kai tare da cibiyar-dama jam'iyyar "Independent Helenawa", wanda a yarda da shugaban na "Syriza" ta samar da wata gwamnati.

wani da hadin kan kasuwanci

Gasar da aka tilasta kamfanonin, biyu masana'antu da kasuwanci da kuma kudi, don ƙirƙirar daban-daban hadaka. An sanar da mu daga makaranta cartels, toshe bakin da amãnõninsu. Babu bukatar sake bayyana bambanci tsakanin su. Isar da shi a ce daban-daban na coalitions tsakanin manyan kamfanonin taka muhimmiyar rawa a yau tattalin arzikin duniya.

Misalan nasara coalitions na daban-daban m kamfanoni. Don buga daya. A 1892, wani kawance da kamfanonin "Edison Electric Light" da kuma "Thomson-Houston Electric" ba Yunƙurin zuwa "General Electric» (General Electric), wanda a yau shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma da hukumomi, da samar da daban-daban kayayyakin a kusan dukkan kasashen duniya.

Amfani ko rashin amfani coalitions

Akwai da aka gabatar kawai a waje zane na sabon abu a cikin tarihin duniya kamar yadda wani kawance. Mẽne ne, kuma abin da yake da rawar a tarihi - a topic cancanci a raba monograph. Amma ta riga bayyana cewa kawancen iya wasa biyu tabbatacce kuma korau rawa ga wani wanda ya zo a can. Yana iya kawo nasara, ko, conversely, yin ba kawai warware matsaloli, amma kuma matsaloli na kawayenta. Yana iya taimaka wa tsaya da wani iko da abokan gaba, da kuma iya rabu da mulki.