Yeasts ne fungi daga cikin sashen? Yisti: tsarin, iri

Menene yisti - wani naman kaza, ka sani, tabbas da yawa. Kuma abin da za mu ce game da nan gaba rarrabuwa data wakilai na mulkin? An sani cewa yisti ne fungi Division Ascomycetes da Basidiomycetes. Menene wannan yake nufi? Bari mu yi kokarin fahimtar juna.

Yisti - namomin kaza

Kuma guda-celled fungi. Sai suka yi hasãrar da mycelium a sakamakon juyin matakai da aka yi ĩmãni ya zama dangane da miƙa mulki ga rayuwa a cikin ruwa substrates da suke da arziki a cikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma suke da matukar m ga rai daga wadannan kwayoyin. Total yisti akwai har zuwa dubu jinsunan. All yeasts - unicellular fungi.

girma

Single ware Kwayoyin isa wadannan fungi zuwa 7 microns a diamita, amma wasu girma har zuwa 40 Ikoniya. Duk da haka, wasu yisti har yanzu samar da a kan matakai na da rai sake zagayowar daga cikin mycelium, da kuma a wasu lokuta - da kuma fruiting jiki. A halin yanzu, misali, mai yin burodi ta yisti, shi ne na farko eukaryotic genome abin da aka gano da kuma decoded.

A bit na tarihi

Yisti - namomin kaza, "kiwo a gida" da mutumin, da kuma for quite wani lokaci. Suna da tsawo, na shekaru dubbai, amfani ga dafuwa dalilai: yin burodi, fermentation, samar da yanayi. Tuni a zamanin d Misira, akwai Bakeries kuma a fili sami yin amfani da yisti. Kuma a wasu kasashe, a zamanin da, tare da waina marar (misali matzo ko Pita burodi) suna samun shahararsa da kuma yin yisti breads. Brewer ta yisti da aka sani zuwa ga Masarawa suka fiye da dubu shida da suka wuce, da kuma da taimakon wadannan kwayoyin, dafa mutane wannan foamy sha.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa sabon ferment a da yawa gonaki na haihuwa amfani da ragowar na haihuwa. Saboda haka, bisa ga masana kimiyya, shi ya faru kiwo yisti jinsunan da aka iske ba a cikin daji. Mutane da yawa suka yi ĩmãni wasu iri yisti samfurin na musamman mutum aiki (misali, irin horar da hatsi: alkama, hatsin rai da wasu).

zymology

Saboda haka ne kimiyya da cewa ya bayyana, kuma na nazari akan rayuwar da ayyuka na wadannan kwayoyin. Yeasts ne fungi, su m al'ada aka farko ware a 1881 a Denmark, da kuma a 1883 an riga amfani da samar da giya. A karshen karni na 19th halitta rarrabuwa da yisti, da kuma a cikin karni na 20th, akwai tarin kuma determinants na sanannun al'adu. Yeasts ne fungi division Ascomycota har zuwa tsakiyar karni na karshe. Masana kimiyya tsayar da haihuwa sake zagayowar, generalizing matsayin taxonomic kungiyar (namomin kaza marsupials). Amma a Japan, daya daga cikin masana kimiyya jawo haifuwa da kuma Basidiomycetes yisti. Saboda haka, masana ƙarasa da cewa da yisti fungi (photo kasa) da aka kafa a hanya juyin halitta da kansa daga cikin Ƙungiyarku biyu na mulkin (ascomycetes da basidiomycetes). A data tabbatar da kwayoyin nazarin halittu bincike kwayoyin. Su ba da taxon, da kuma, mafi m, musamman rayuwa form.

Ascomycetes da basidiomycetes

Saboda haka, yisti fungi kasance a cikin sashen ascomycetes da basidiomycetes (ko kuma wajen, to biyu daban-daban sassan). Dukan su - Subkingdom mafi girma fungi. Za su iya bambanta da halaye da kuma rayuwa hawan keke na wasu sauran alamun: a nau'i-nau'i daga DNA, gaban urease. Ascomycetes, ko marsupials namomin kaza - quite wani m sashen, wanda ya hada da har zuwa dubu talatin jinsunan (af, sanannen truffles na wannan sashen, kazalika da morels da Lines). Daga cikin dukan - da kuma yisti, wanda suna dauke da masana kimiyya ga na biyu guda-celled kwayoyin.

habitats

Yawanci, wadannan kwayoyin rayuwa a wuraren da suke da arziki a cikin sugars - substrates a kan surface 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries, ya fita. Suna iya ci abinci na shuka aiki: Nectar, secretions, rauni juices. Kada ƙyãma, kuma matattu phytomass. Iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma zuriyar dabbobi daga kwayoyin halitta da kuma ruwa talakawa. Wasu yeasts ne ba a cikin hanjinsu na kwari da cewa ci itace. Mutane da yawa yisti da kuma a cikin ganyayyaki, wanda aka buga da aphids.

aikace-aikace

Wasu jinsunan yisti al'adu sun dade a bukatar a dafa abinci, yin burodi da kuma samar da barasa barasan. Kvass, gurasa, giya da kuma ruwan inabi ba zai iya yi ba tare da wadannan kananan mataimaka. Dukan waɗannan da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, na dogon lokaci, da yisti fungi ne ascomycetes sashen. Domin samar da wuya sayar da giya da suka shiga a cikin barasan a wani mataki na fermentation. Yanzu wasu yisti al'ada amfani da mai fadi da kewayon fasahar binciken halittu: samar da habaka da abinci Additives kuma enzymes. A kimiyya suna amfani da gwaji al'adu ga halittar jini bincike.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• The yin burodi amfani da al'ada Saccharomyces cerevisiae, da aka sani a matsayin masu tuya ta yisti. Sun samar da fermented giya yanayi, da kara habaka da dandano da ƙanshi na burodi kayayyakin (barasa, bayan, a lokacin da yin burodi aiwatar evaporates). Bugu da kari, carbon dioxide kafa a cikin nauyi Yanã da kullu da tashi, bada gwajin porosity da softness.
• A yanayi, a cikin innabi berries da sauƙi ci gaba yisti al'adu, wanda ke bayyane a matsayin whitish plaque. Amma da gaskiya giya yisti da aka dauke su Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wanda ake samu a cikin gungu ne quite rare. Yana da wannan iri-iri da aka yi amfani da mafi yawa domin yin ruwan inabi stock. A sakamakon aiki da sugars da yisti dauke a cikin ruwan tonis, samar ethanol da yisti a cikin karawa digiri - mutu. A shirye-for shampen ruwan inabi fermentation hõre akai-akai kara cikin al'adun yisti.
• A zamanin] aular ta amfani da Ya tsirar da zangarniya akwai ƙwãya na sha'ir (malt), da kuma yisti da fermenting kasa. A malt ne ƙasa, Boiled, gauraye da ruwa da kuma fermented yin amfani da Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ko wasu sauran iri yisti. Kvass kayan game da wannan, amma sauran fiye da yisti amfani da karin da lactic acid kwayoyin cuta.
• The sama yisti, amfani da ko'ina a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki, ya kasance a cikin tsari na fungi Ascomycetes. Kuma m abin sha ƙungiya daga yisti da kwayoyin cuta, misali, kombucha ko Tibet naman kaza. Suna da yawa m Properties ga jikin mutum, da kuma na yau da kullum da yin amfani da wadannan abubuwan sha yayi kashedin duk wani nau'i na gastrointestinal cututtuka da kuma sauran kayan ciki.