Matsakaicin, m kuma talakawan zurfin da Pacific

Mutãne ya ko da yaushe janyo hankalin asirai boye daga gabansa. Daga cikin sararin expanses na sararin samaniya zuwa ga mafi zurfi ma'ana da tekuna ... Modern fasahar tozartar partially koyi wasu daga cikin asĩri a cikin ƙasa, ruwa da kuma sarari. A mafi lifts da labulen asiri, da fiye da mutane suna so su sani, saboda sabon ilmi ba Yunƙurin zuwa tambayoyi. The most, mafi tsufa da kuma kalla karatu Pacific ne ba togiya. Da tasiri a kan matakai da cewa faruwa a duniya, shi ne bayyananne: shi ne wata dama ga wani zurfi da kuma more sosai binciken. A talakawan zurfin tekun Pacific kasa topography, shugabanci na igiyoyin, a sakon da tekuna da sauran gawawwakin ruwa - duk abin da yake da muhimmanci a gare mafi kyau duka amfani da da mutum albarkatun Unlimited.

tekuna

All jinsunan a duniya ya dogara da ruwa, shi ne tushen rayuwa, don haka muhimmancin karatu da hydrosphere a dukan siffofin da ake zama wani fifiko ga bil'adama. A lokacin da samuwar wannan ilmin mai yawa da hankali da aka biya don yadda ruwa tare marẽmari, kuma babbar yawa gishiri albarkatu. Tekuna ne wani muhimmin bangare ne na hydrosphere, wanda ya mamaye 94% na duniya ta surface. Nahiyoyi, tsibiran da archipelagos raba shi da jiki na ruwa, wanda ya sa ya yiwu designate su geographically a fuskar duniya. A wani zamani taswirar duniya a 1953 da gamayyar kasa da kasa hydrogeographic hudu alama teku: da Atlantic, Indian, Arctic da kuma Pacific. Kowace daga cikin wadannan yana da Game da tsarawa da kuma iyakokin da suke fairly al'ada domin motsi ruwa gudana. In mun gwada kwanan alama ta biyar - Southern Ocean. Dukan su ne quite daban-daban cikin sharuddan yankin, ruwa girma, zurfin da abun da ke ciki. Fiye da 96% na hydrosphere - wani m teku ruwa, wanda motsa a cikin tsaye da kuma a kwance shugabanci da kuma na da duniya inji na metabolism, ci gaba da kuma yin amfani da makamashi gudana. A rayuwa ta zamani tekuna taka muhimmiyar rawa: shi Forms da yanayin damina a kan nahiyoyi, tabbatar da samuwar muhimmanci kai kayayyakin more rayuwa, ba mutane da yawa albarkatun, ciki har da nazarin halittu, kuma shi ne yanayin kasa da siffofin suna ba tukuna cikakken gane.

Pacific

49,5% na duniya tekuna da 53% na albarkatun ruwa ya mamaye mafi tsoho da kuma m ɓangare na shi. Pacific Ocean da shigowa tekuna yana cikin mafi girma da nisan da ruwayen da :. Daga arewa zuwa kudu - 16 dubu km, daga yamma zuwa gabas - 19 dubu km .. Mafi yawa daga shi aka located a kudancin latitudes. Mafi muhimmanci ne maganganu da lamba gwada yawa halaye: girma mai ruwa-ruwa taro - 710 miliyan kilomita ³ sawun - kusan miliyan 180 kilomita ^3. A talakawan zurfin tekun Pacific, bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, jere daga 3900 zuwa 4200 mita. The kawai nahiyar cewa ba a wanke da ruwa daga, - Afrika. Fiye da 50 jihohin located a kan ta Coast da kuma tsibiran, tare da dukan sassa na hydrosphere yana da al'ada da iyaka da kuma m musayar gudana. Yawan tsakiya shirya a tekun Pacific, ya wuce miliyan 10, suna da daban-daban girma da kuma tsarin samuwar. Fiye da 30 tekuna waje ruwanta (la'akari ciki), su yankin bautarka 18% na dukan surface, da most part aka located a kan gabar yammacin kasar kuma wanke Eurasia. A mafi girma zurfin tekun Pacific, kazalika da dukan duniya - a cikin Mariana tare mahara. Ta bincike da aka da ake gudanar for riga fiye da shekaru 100, da kuma ƙarin bayani game da zurfin aiki ke, da mafi ban sha'awa shi ne domin masana kimiyya a duniya. The karami zurfin tekun Pacific da aka lura a ta ~ ar teku. Na yi karatu da su da kyau isa, amma, ba su akai amfani a mutum tattalin arziki aiki, da bukatar kara kimiyya karatu qara.

Tarihi na ci gaba

Peoples da suke zaune a cikin Pacific Coast a kan daban-daban nahiyoyi, san mai girma da yawa game da mutum sassa, amma bai wakiltar dukan ikon da size da ruwa yankin. A farko Turai don ganin kananan bakin teku bay, ya da wani dan kasar Spain - conquistador Vasco de Balboa, wanda ya ci nasara ga wannan babban dutse jeri na Isthmus of Panama. Abin da ya gani, ya tafi da su a cikin teku, da kuma kira shi da Kudu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka gano daga cikin Pacific Ocean da kuma bayar da shi da ba-rana sunan ne wani haraji ga Magellan, wanda ya sosai sa'a tare da yanayin da ya haye kudancin shi. Wannan sunan ba ya dace da gaskiya yanayi na wannan ruwa giant, amma shi ya kama a kan fiye da sauran, wanda aka miƙa a kalla karatu da shi. Wurare da dama a expeditions bi sahun Magellan, da Pacific Ocean janyo hankalin sabon bincike mai yawa tambayoyi. The Dutch, Turanci, da Spain suna neman hanyoyi na sadarwa da aka fi sani da ƙasashe layi daya bude sabon. Interest to masu bincike ne duk: wanda shi ne babban zurfin tekun Pacific, da gudun da kuma shugabanci na motsi na ruwa da talakawa, gwargwado, ruwa Flora da fauna, da dai sauransu More cikakken bayani masana kimiyya gudanar da tattara a cikin XIX-XX ƙarni, a lokacin da samuwar Oceanology matsayin kimiyya ... Amma da farko ƙoƙari domin sanin abin da yake cikin zurfin da Pacific, Magellan ya yi niyya ta yin amfani da hemp tench. An kasa - kasa isa kasa. Tun daga nan, da yawa lokaci ya wuce, da kuma a yau da sakamakon ma'aunai na teku zurfin za a iya gani a kan wani taswira. Modern masana kimiyya amfani da m fasaha da kuma ne mafi kusantar su gane inda a cikin zurfin Pacific matsakaicin, inda akwai wuraren da ƙananan matakin, da kuma inda Shoals karya.

kasa kwane-kwane

Fiye da 58% na duniya maida hankali ne akan teku gado. Yana yana da wani bambance bambancen ƙasa - yana da girma filayen, high ridges da kuma zurfin hollows. A kashi na teku gado za a iya raba kamar haka:

1. Continental shiryayye (zurfin 0 zuwa mita 200) - 8%.
2. A nahiyar gangara (200 zuwa 2,500 mita) - 12%.
3. A teku gado (daga 2500 zuwa 6000 mita) - 77%.
4. Matsakaicin zurfin (daga 6,000 zuwa 11,000 mita) - 3%.

M rabo isasshen kara 2/3 seafloor, da kuma bayanai na daban-daban da bincike expeditions iya bambanta saboda m motsi na tectonic faranti. Daidaiton aunawa da na'urorin na karuwa a kowace shekara, bayani samu a baya gyara ba. A cikin wani hali, matsakaicin zurfin tekun Pacific, ta m darajar da tsakãtsaki ce dogara a kan teku bene topography. A m zurfin ana lura a cikin ƙasa m zuwa nahiyoyi - shi ne jihar bakin teku na duniya ba ta tekuna. Yana iya samun wani tsawon 0 zuwa mita 500, da tsakãtsaki ce jeri na 68 mita.

Continental shiryayye halin da kananan nuna bambanci, da cewa shi ne. E. Shin lebur, tare da togiya daga cikin Coast, inda dutsen jeri suna located. A wannan yanayin, taimako ne quite bambancin, hollows da kuma fasa iya isa kasa na zurfin 400-500 mita. Pacific m zurfin ne kasa da mita 100. Big Reef da ruwa da ke tafasa da dumi share ruwan samar da wata dama ta musamman ga abin da ke a kan a kasa. A nahiyar gangara ma bambanta a kwana da kuma tsawon - ya dogara a kan wurin da jihar bakin teku yankin. Hankula su tsarin yana da wani m, a hankali ragewan da taimako ko gaban mai zurfi mahara. Mun yi kokari mu bayyana wannan gaskiya a iri biyu: da tectonic da kuma ambaliya daga kogin kwari. A cikin ni'imar da karshen zato ne ƙasa samfurori da su daga tushe, wanda yana dauke da kogin pebbles da silt. Wadannan canyons ne zurfi isa, saboda su talakawan zurfin tekun Pacific yana da yalwa da m darajar. A gado ne mai lebur na ƙasa da akai zurfin. Fasa, crevices da depressions a kan teku bene - wani m sabon abu, da kuma iyakar darajar zurfafa, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, akwai a cikin Mariana tare mahara. The taimako na kasa zuwa yankin na kowane mutum, shi ne gaye don kwatantawa tare da nazarin sasannin shimfidar.

Features Pacific sauƙi

Zurfin acan a Arewa Hemisphere da kuma Kudancin gagarumin rabo (a kan 50% na yankin na teku bene) jeri a cikin tseren mitoci 5,000. A arewa maso yammacin teku a manyan yawan cavities da kuma fasa, wanda aka located a gefen da jihar bakin teku sashi, a yankin na nahiyar gangara. Kusan dukkan su zo daidai da dutsen jeri a cikin ƙasa kuma suna da wani elongated siffar. Wannan shi ne hali na bakin tekun na Chile, Mexico da kuma Peru, kamar yadda wannan kungiyar hada Arewa Aleutian mahara, Kuril da Kamchatka. A kudancin yammancin duniya tasa 300 mita a tsawon located tare da tsibirin na Tonga, Kermadec. Don gano nawa zurfin tekun Pacific a kan talakawan, mutane sun yi amfani da daban-daban ma'auni kida, tarihin wanda aka hankali hade tare da bincike aikin a kan ruwa expanses na duniya.

zurfin ma'auni

Yawa wajen ne mafi m zurfin soundings. Wannan igiya da wani nauyi a karshen. Domin da ji na teku, da kuma teku zurfin, wannan kayan aiki ba dace, tun da nauyin da saukar na USB zai wuce cewa na dukiya. A sakamakon soundings amfani da yawa ya ba da karkatacciyar hoto ko babu dividends. Ban sha'awa al'amari: Lutu Brook zahiri ƙirƙira Bitrus 1. Ya ra'ayin shi ne cewa na USB da aka haɗe da kaya, wanda idan bugawa da kasa na pop up. Wannan tsaya a nan ragewan na da yawa da kuma sanya shi yiwuwa domin sanin zurfin. More m zurfin ma'auni aiki a kan wannan manufa. Its alama ne da ikon kama da wani ɓangare na ƙasa domin cigaba da bincike. Duk wadannan aunawa na'urorin da wani gagarumin hasara - yayin da kara. Domin kayyade da dabi'u na mai zurfin da na USB wajibi ne su runtse hankali a cikin 'yan sa'o'i, binciken jirgin ruwa kamata zama a tsaya cak. A cikin shekaru 25 da shekaru, ma'aunai suna da za'ayi tare da taimakon Sonar, wanda aiki a kan manufa da siginar gani. Hours rage wa 'yan seconds, yayin da a kan sonogram za ka iya ganin iri benen kasa da kuma gano wuri sunken abubuwa. Domin sanin abin da talakawan zurfin tekun Pacific, shi wajibi ne don yin manyan yawan ma'aunai, wanda aka sa'an nan kuma kara da juna, sakamakon da aka lasafta yankin Neja Delta.

History of ma'aunai

XIX karni ne "zinariya" for oceanography a general da Pacific musamman. A farko balaguro Krusenstern da Lisiansky sanya shi mu manufa ba kawai don auna zurfin, amma kuma ga wani zazzabi, matsa lamba, yawa, kuma, gwargwado. 1823-1826 gg.: Musharaka a gudanar da bincike O. E. Kotsebu, likita E. Lenz amfani da ruwa kwalban da ya halitta. 1820 aka alama ta samu na Antarctica, da balaguro navigators F. F. Bellinsgauzena kuma M. P. Lazareva karatu arewacin tekuna na tekun Pacific. A karshen XX karni (1972-1976 gg.), The British jirgin "Challenger" da za su gudanar da cikakken bincike oceanographic, wanda bayar da mafi yawan amfani da su kwanan wata bayanai. Tun 1873, Amurka Navy amfani Gaugeable gyarawa zurfin da topography na Pacific Ocean kasa ga kwanciya tarho igiyoyi. XX karni da aka alama ta fasaha nasara na dukan 'yan adam, wanda ƙwarai shafi aikin Pacific masu bincike wanda mamakin nauyi al'amurran da suka shafi. Yaren mutanen Sweden, Birtaniya da Danish balaguro saita kashe zagaye duniya a nazarin da most jiki na ruwa a kan wannan duniya tamu. Nawa cikin zurfin tekun Pacific ne a cikin iyakar da mafi ƙarancin dabi'u? Ina wadannan maki? Mene ne karkashin ruwa ko surface igiyoyin shafi su? A sakamakon haka ne cewa su aka kafa? A binciken da aka za'ayi a kan kasa na dogon lokaci. Daga shekarar 1949 zuwa shekarar 1957 da matukan jirgin da "Vityaz" bincike jirgin tsara da Pacific kasa sa na abubuwa da taimako, sa ido da tafarkinsa. Watch ci gaba zuwa wasu jiragen ruwa da aka kullum cruising a cikin ruwa kafin su sami mafi m da kuma dace bayanai. A shekarar 1957, masu bincike na "Vityaz" ƙayyade batu a wanda akwai mafi girma zurfin tekun Pacific - Mariana tare mahara. Don wannan rana, ta kuwa kãyan ciki ana scrutinized ba kawai oceanographers, amma kuma masana kimiyyar, wanda kuma samu da yawa ban sha'awa abubuwa.

Mariana tare mahara

A ƙullunku kara for mitoci 1,500 tare da wannan tsibirin a yammacin ɓangare na Pacific Coast. Yana kama wani sandan, kuma yana da daban-daban zurfin ko'ina cikin yankin. Tarihi na aukuwa ake dangantawa da tectonic aiki na Pacific. A wannan sashi, da Pacific farantin da ke karkashin Philippine hankali, ya koma 2-3 cm a kowace shekara. A wannan lokaci, matsakaicin zurfin tekun Pacific, da kuma duka duniya ma. Ma'aunai suna da za'ayi a kan daruruwan shekaru, da kuma kowane lokaci su dabi'u ana daidaita. A binciken a 2011 ya ba da mafi ban mamaki sakamakon, wanda bazai karshe. A mafi zurfi ma'ana da Mariana tare mahara - "Challenger Deep": kasa da aka located a nesa na 10 994 mita kasa teku matakin. Domin ta binciken amfani da wani bathyscaphe, sanye take da kyamarori da kuma na'urorin ga ƙasa daukan samfur.

Menene zurfin na Pacific Ocean?

A unequivocal amsar wannan tambaya shi ne ba: kasa topography ne don haka hadaddun da ba cikakken gane, cewa kowane kira lambar za a iya gyara a nan gaba. A talakawan zurfin tekun Pacific shi ne 4000 mita, mafi ƙasƙanci - kasa da mita 100, sanannen "Challenger Deep" halin da m Figures - kusan 11 000 mita! Babban yankin tare da wani yawan kududdufai, wanda kuma zai shafi da zurfin, kamar ciki "Knight 3 '(Tonga masauki 10 882 mita); "Argo" (9165, Arewa Novogebridsky masauki). Cape Johnson (The Philippine mahara, 10 497), da sauransu. D. A Pacific, da most yawan mafi zurfi da maki na duniya tekuna. Modern oceanographers sa ran mai yawa ban sha'awa aiki da kuma ban mamaki binciken.

Biota

Sananne ga masu bincike ne da cewa ko da a kalla zurfin 11 000 mita da nazarin halittu aiki da aka samu: kankanin microbes tsira ba tare da haske, anã gitta su babban matsin lamba na ton na ruwa. Sararin expanses na Pacific Ocean ne cikakke mazauninsu ga mutane da yawa jinsin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. La'akari da matsayin gaskiya da kuma takamaiman lambobin. Fiye da 50% na duniya tekuna biomass zaune daidai a cikin Pacific, da bambancin da jinsunan saboda gaskiyar cewa manyan jikin ruwa da ake samu a duk bangarori na duniya. Tropical da kuma subtropical latitudes more densely lugar, amma arewacin kan iyakar ba komai. A halayyar alama na fauna daga cikin Pacific Ocean ne endemism. A nan ne wuraren da mafi tsoho dabbobi na duniya, namun dajin (teku zakuna, teku otters). Coral reefs ne daya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta da kuma richness na Flora da fauna ba kawai janyo hankalin mai yawa yawon bude ido, amma kuma babban yawan masu bincike. Pacific Ocean - mai girma da kuma m. The aiki na mutane ta'allaka ne a nazari da kuma fahimtar duk da matakai, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage mataki na cũta lalacewa ta hanyar mutum na wannan musamman yanayin kasa.