Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa? Tarihi na Metro

Metro gargajiyance dauki mafi m nau'i na jama'a kai. Jiragen kasa "a karkashin kasa" ba su tsaya a cikin wuraren da cunkoso, motsa da sauri, iya safarar wata babbar lamba na fasinjoji. Saboda gudun da kuma hasashen da na jirgin karkashin kasa ne mashahuri a cikin mazauna manyan birane.

harka tarihi

Kowane hedkwatarsu tun tsakiyar karni XIX, a matsayin wani al'amari na girmamawa don samun wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar boye Tunnels cewa zai rage ƙasa zirga-zirga kwarara. Majagaba a cikin wannan wuya al'amari, London fara: a cikin harshen Turanci babban birnin kasar ta bayyana a karkashin kasa a duniya ta farko, kuma shi ya faru hanyar da baya a 1862.

Special ta'aziyya bidi'a iya fariya: an bude saman kekunan shanun koma tana tattare a hayaki da toka-rufe Tunnels (Birtaniya used locomotives), yin m da yau hanya tsawon 3.6 km - amma har yanzu shi ne mai girma nasara.

Cunkoson ababen hawa - ba wani sabon matsalar

Moscow a nuna na goma sha tara da kuma ashirin ƙarni, bazai ma kamar ba, amma toshe kwalaba a shi su ma sananne. Hakika, idan ba su dauki wani ɓangare na baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma mafi talakawa dawakai, amma jari na kaya da fasinja crews wani lokacin tsaya zirga-zirga a kan tituna gaba daya.

Matsalar a fili balaga da kuma, wahayi zuwa gare ta Burtaniya, Czarist Rasha hukuma don tunani game da gina jirgin karkashin kasa da baya a 1890s - dogon kafin lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa. Abin da shekara za a gudanar da wannan taron, idan aikin da aka soma a 1901 (da abin da siffar zai saya da tashar), za mu taba sani ba. Duk da haka, tarihi ba ya jure da subjunctive yanayi.

Aikin farko na Moscow Metro

A farkon karni na ashirin, da uku masu goyon baya: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre kuma N. Karazin kashe a cikin daftarin shawarar da Moscow kai matsaloli na rãmi na da lokaci, basira da kuma jijiya. A gwagwarmayar da ya shiga a kowane mataki. Masu "tram" tsoron fafatawa a gasa. City gwamnatin da aka m tare da kudi amfanin. Ko da limaman samu da hannu, ba tare da wanda ba ya tsarkake: cewa ƙetare haddi zai cutar da wasu daga cikin girma na Moscow majami'u. Akwai ma wani ra'ayin cewa Metro ne cutarwa (!) Ga kauyen.

Idan ba domin inertia da kuma hadama da jami'ai, da tambayar ko, a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa, a cikin abin da birnin da shekara zai sa hankali, saboda abin yabo na ginin zai kasance a gaba ɗaya daban-daban kasar. Amma shi ya faru daban. Balinsky m aikin da aka ƙi, kuma da aiwatar da sabon ci gaba Knorre a 1912, ya hana barkewar yakin duniya na farko da kuma sanannen neman sauyi events. Subway yi aka dakatar saboda wani m lokaci: a sau da babban hargitsi ba zuwa birane exploits.

The aiki na sabuwar gwamnatin

Warware matsalar sufuri a birnin na matasa Tarayyar Soviet ya zuwa sabon hukumomi. Da farko, shugabannin alama har yanzu lanci wasu hotunan da cewa ba tare da jirgin karkashin kasa ka iya yi: rayayye kara yawan trams, bas da trolleybuses. Amma ta farkon 30s da ya bayyana da cewa ƙasa sufuri gaba daya warware matsalar da ba su iya.

Kamar yadda a wasu fitattu, da muhimman hakkokin factor ya a siyasance: shawarar da Plenum na kwamitin tsakiya a watan Yuli 1931 umurce su da su nan da nan fara gina jirgin karkashin kasa - da kuma daga ta girma yanke shawara har da lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa, ya dauki kawai shekaru hudu.

guduma yi

A watan Satumba, 31 th shirya Metrostroy, da kewaye na 10 Lines (80 km total) amince a watan Maris 33rd, kuma a tsakiyar kaka 1934 by "Komsomolskaya" to "Sokolniki" ya cruised fitina, "karya-a" jirgin kasa kunsha na biyu carriages .

Idan ganin na da ra'ayin a general, bukatar kusan shekaru biyar shirin, domin gina, tun da aikin yabo da kuma kafin rana, a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa - a shekara da rabi. A fili yake cewa an motsi aikin kara taki: a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, kusan dukan da samun da a inuwa unprecedented feat. Amma da magina na bashi - shi ne undeniable, kuma Muscovites kasance madawwama godiya ga wannan yi.

A farko Metro tashar kwantanta favorably da latest kyakkyawa da tsaftacewa, wanda aka dauke superfluous zamani gine-ginen. Our hadin shekaru mayar da hankali a kan ayyuka da kuma yadda ya dace. Kuma sai ka ce, lokacin da yawan tashoshin tashi da wani mutum ɗari, su daina irin wannan abu na ado sha'awa, a yayin da cewa akwai kawai ashirin. A 30s shi ne duk sabon, da kuma irin hali ga events ya daban-daban.

Kyakkyawa da aiki

Gine-ginen 'Metrostroi "ya tuno da cewa kawai shekara kafin lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne na farko da jirgin karkashin kasa ya buɗe, suka kira, ya ce cewa cikin tashoshin bukatar yin ayyukan for 25 days. A kawai da bukatun da tambaya ga sakamakon - su zama "m".

Don ta bashi, da gine-ginen da a ce cewa aikin da suke abar kulawa a kan lokaci da kuma "m", za kowane bayani akayi daban-daban, almarar da kuma soyayya. By lokacin Tarayyar Soviet shi ne na farko da jirgin karkashin kasa bude a babban birnin kasar da aka shirya zuwa 13 tashoshin. Yana da ban dariya da cewa Kaganovich nema don maye gurbin leatherette a kan wani fatan gaske kujeru, a tsaye domin ta longevity. Modern tattalin arziki daga irin wannan hukunci zai kawai shudder.

A mafi kyau kyauta ga Muscovites

Fabrairu 4, 1934 Metro jirgin kasa wucewa ta line daga farko zuwa gama, kuma da 6th, takwas jiragen kasa na birnin Moscow jirgin karkashin kasa ya dauki na farko fasinjoji - Wakilai na VII Congress.

A farko, a kan jirgin karkashin kasa zai iya wuce kawai 11.5 km - daga "Sokolniki" to "Park na Culture", tare da wani reshe zuwa "Smolenskaya" (daga baya - Arbatskaya line). Don sabis na fasinjoji akwai 13 tashoshin da 14 jiragen kasa. Hakika, a yau da babban birnin kasar ta mazauna, wannan "a karkashin kasa" ya yi ba burge, amma a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne na farko da jirgin karkashin kasa ya bude, shi ne ya gane a Moscow a matsayin real mu'ujiza. A bude rana, May 15, 1935, ya fuskanci wani mini ne unknown nau'i na sufuri so 370 dubu. Man.

Hakika, ba ba tare da tsada Comrade Stalin. A waɗannan kwanaki, ba tare da shi babu inda zasu tafi - ba togiya da rana a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne ya fara bude jirgin karkashin kasa. The jirgin kasa da aka yi wa ado da hotuna na shugaban da nuna gaskiya da dacewa ciki :. "Godiya ga mai girma Stalin ga uba kula da ma'aikata na Moscow"

Jiya da yau

Dole ne in ce cewa a hankali, "uban dukan al'ummai" gaske ajiye wannan abun lura da ginin, bayan da ya yanke shawarar ba su bar birnin Moscow a 1941, a lokacin da Jamus ya zo birnin a kan m nesa. Oktoba 15 - kadai rana a tarihin lokacin da kofofi ba a bude karkashin kasa domin ta fasinjoji. All dabarun hari (da jirgin karkashin kasa da) aka mined da kuma shirye halaka. Abin farin, wannan bai faru ba: a cikin al'amarin da aka soke. A lokacin yakin, shi aiki a matsayin wani bam tsari karkashin kasa, ceton, kuma ko da bada rai: a 1941 a can aka haife 217 jariran.

Mariƙin na farko tikitin ya zama na yau da kullum ma'aikacin, a master na factory "Red Proletarian" P.Latyshev. Abu ne mai wuya wata rana a cikin watan Mayu, a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet shi ne na farko da jirgin karkashin kasa bude, kowa zai iya kwatanta abin da wani babban aikin zai haifar da wannan shirin. Yau, da layin tsawon 327,5 km 196 connect da tashoshin, da kuma a kan kullum zirga-zirgar fasinja Moscow Metro ne zakaran duniya.