Launi makanta - menene wannan? A gwajin for launi makanta. Lasin, da kuma launi makanta

Ko da ba ka taba saduwa da wani mutum wanda yake iya rarrabe kowane launi, dole ne a ce cewa launi makanta - shi ne na kowa cuta na zamani. Daga cikin mazaunan duniya na iya zama launi-makafi ba ne kawai mutane. Dabbobin da yawa ne "ma'abũta" na launi makanta. Alal misali, da bijimai ba su saba ja da karaya da yara kamar zakoki da damisa, da aka sani kawai blue da kuma kore. Hakazalika gane launuka bala'in. Walruses, Whales da dabbobin ruwa ba rarrabe launuka da kuma ganin duniya a kusa da ita a baki da fari.

Me ya sa ba dukkan launuka suna samuwa ido?

Haske a jikin dan Adam ido - shi ne mai rikitarwa, multifactorial jiki na kayan aiki, wanda sabobin tuba da haske mai kara kuzari da kuma ba ka damar ganin abu a daidai tsari da kuma tare da duk inuwõyinta suna kusa launi. An bayar da wani haske-m Cones dauke da pigment alhakin launi definition. A cikin mutane, akwai iri uku haske Na'urar haska located a kan ido duka, da ake kira Cones. A kowane - wani takamaiman sa na gina jiki pigments. Da yake jawabi na kimiyya da harshen, kowanne daga cikin wadannan Cones ne ke da alhakin ji na wani musamman launi: ja, kore da kuma shudi tabarau. A cikin akwati inda daya daga wani sa na gina jiki pigments ne ba ya nan, da mutum hasarar da ikon gane wani launi. A al'ada aiki, duk uku masu auna sigina daya discerns miliyan inuwõyinta suna kusa, launi, amma da biyu - kawai 10 000 (100 sau kasa). Launi makanta - mai karkata daga abubuwan da aka saba, a lokacin da disrupted akalla daya haske Na'urar haska.

Mutanen da suke da launi makafi, kusan ba su sani ba launuka, amma za a iya gane da launi mai haske, ko sautunan, sanyi ko dumi. Launi-makafi ba ko da yaushe sani game da cutar da kuma ba su lura da bambance-bambance a cikin fahimta da sauran mutane yake ji. Wannan taimaka musu su memory. Wannan memory, kuma haske ba su damar yin hukunci da musamman launi da kuma kwatanta shi da wani palette.

Iri launi makanta

A launi makanta akwai mutane da yawa da iri. Wani lokaci wani mutum a haihuwa shi ne kasa da uku launi Cones. Saboda haka, kungiyar na mutane da launi ji:

• trichromats (al'ada, duk uku Cones pigments gina jiki aiki a cikin akan tantanin ido).

• dichromate (aiki kawai biyu Cones; ciwon matsala gane da yawa tabarau).

Shi ne da sabawa m at Dzhon Dalton, da Turanci halittu da farko aka bayyana a cikin makanta da nasu ji daga kimiyya ra'ayi. Ya aka kawai bi da dichromates kungiyar a lokacin da ja da kore da ake gani a matsayin daban-daban tabarau na kasa-kasa da kuma rawaya. Da farko aiki a kan launi makanta D. Dalton rubuta a karshen da XVIII karni.

• monochromat (aiki daya kawai irin mazugi, wanda idan rajistan ga launi makanta nuna cewa game da launuka mutane ba su sani ba dukan duniya ne baki da fari ga su).

mahaukaci trichromats

Akwai zinace da mutane wanda akan tantanin ido ake kawota tare da dukan uku haske na'urori masu auna sigina, kuma, ga alama, dukan launuka ya kamata a dauka. Matsalar iya karya a cikin abin da ake kira kasawa launi. Gaskiyar ita ce,, fi dacewa, da haske ƙwarai da ido wuri na'urori masu auna sigina da suke da alhakin ji na wani launi dole zoba juna, dole gaba ɗaya. Wannan damar da ido zuwa gane duk nuances a mulki daga launi zuwa wani, daga blue zuwa kore, daga kore zuwa launin rawaya, daga rawaya zuwa orange da kuma a kan. Lokacin da ji na ƙwarai daga zone motsi (superimposed a kan juna), suka fara jayayya, hanyõyi inuwõyinta suna kusa, tsabta launuka Fade. Kwakwalwa samun rudewa, ya fara gano wasu launuka a matsayin mai sauki launin toka. Wannan shi ake kira a uku-launi hangen nesa mahaukaci.

nakasar launi makanta

M ko cikakken rashin iyawa ga rarrabe launuka - a Pathology na hereditary ko samu (yawa rarer).

hereditary colorblindness - recessive gado hade da Pathology na X chromosome, don haka sau da yawa da cutar suna gada daga uwar yaron.

Kamar yadda aka sanannu, mace tayi - matsakaici biyu X chromosomes. Amma ga al'ada launi ji ne quite lafiya X chromosome. A cikin 'yan matan yanayin shafi kawai a cikin yanayin a lokacin da launi makanta rinjayar da biyu da uwarsa da ubansa. Amma a wannan yanayin, bisa ga dokokin halittar jini, colorblindness a matan da suka yi daya kawai chromosome daga shafa gene ba bayyana a cikin dako iya tafi da gādonsa, don ɗansa. Amma wannan ba dole ba ne ya faru. A gene na launi makanta za a iya daukar kwayar cutar ko da ta hanyar da dama da al'ummomi. Sake namiji yawan sau da dama a cikin hadari zone.

Bisa kididdigar da, colorblindness a mata da ake gyarawa kawai a 0.1% na lokuta. Daga cikin maza, launi makanta 8%. A hereditary factor makanta - shi ne, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da Pathology na biyu idanu, ba m da lokaci.

Launi makanta samu

Babban dalilai influencing da saye da launi makanta, ko da yaushe kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da alaka ko da kwakwalwa raunin da ya faru ko lalacewar da akan tantanin ido da ido. Wani lokaci sakamakon yaro girgizawa iya baya da wani sakamako a kan launi ji. Bugu da kari ga yara rauni, da kuma sauran abubuwan iya tasiri da saye da launi makanta:

• Tsufa.
• ido lalacewa saboda rauni.
• Concomitant ocular cututtuka (glaucoma, cataracts da sauransu.).
• Kwayoyi da cewa sun yi illa.

Diagnosing colorblindness. gwaji

Launi makanta - yana da wani ba cewa ka kawai dauka. Ya ba mai bi. Wannan shi ne guda a matsayin m kunne: wani ya ne, kuma wanda ya aikata ba. Ya kamata ka taba shiga cikin kai-ganewar asali. Idan ka lura da wani karkacewa a launi ji a kanka ko 'ya'yanku, kana bukatar ganin wani gwani. Akwai tabbatar da hanyoyin domin sanin launi da makanta, da gannai.

1. Test Rabkin (polychromatic tebur).

Gwaji ga launi makanta a cikin wannan gwajin ne da za'ayi da duba alluna da cewa nuna daban-daban lambobin ko haruffa. Zaa iya karanta buga hoton ta amfani da launin spots, m da bambanci, kuma haske. A gwajin sakamakon zai kasance da ikon da gwajin don gano a cikin images so lambobin ko haruffa.

2. Test Ishihara.

A irin wannan gwajin, a cikin nau'i na alluna, da barin mafi daidai ayyana matsakaiciya, mai tsanani mataki na launi makanta kuma achromatopsia. Akwai cikakken edition wannan gwajin na 38 Tables. Suna amfani da sana'a ophthalmologists.

A taqaitaccen version na 24 alluna aka yi amfani ga m gwaji a lokacin da haya na birni ofisoshin, filayen jiragen sama. Akwai kuma wani taƙaitaccen, musamman edition na 10 alluna ga makarantar kafin yara da kuma jahilci mutane. Maimakon haruffa da lambobi a cikin wadannan alluna an yi amfani da hoton na lissafi siffofi da daban-daban Lines.

Launi makanta, kuma mutum sana'a

Gazawar da zai iya alaka da aiki zabi launi-makafi, yana da muhimmanci sosai. Da farko, kuma farkon, wadannan hane-hane nema zuwa fasahohin inda akwai wani alhakin rayuwa, ya ko wasu. Colorblind ba zã a karɓa domin soja sabis ba zai iya zama jirgin sama matukan jirgin, direbobi na kasuwanci motocin da chemists. Domin wadannan fasahohin wajibi shekara-shekara likita Nazarin, suna kudin shiga ga masu sana'a da ayyukan. Idan wani mutum a kan binciken saukar makanta, dama a cikin sana'a da ya sharply rage. Ya iya tafiyar da msar tambayar horo na matasa kwararru yi ofishin aikin alaka da basirarsu.

Launi da makanta, da lasin

Idan a wasu fasahohin makanta - shi ne mai hukunci, to, ya sami wani lasin hane-hane nema a duk. Yana da muhimmanci a wata sana'a ra'ayi.

Lasin, da kuma launi makanta - da ra'ayi ne quite m, amma bayan cikar wani ophthalmologist. Kawai likita kayyade type da kuma digiri na launi makanta, saboda haka, authorizes da mãsu haƙuri a gudanar sirri mota. Colorblind iya samun "A" lasisi da kuma "B", wanda yake shi ne tabbata ya zama da gaban da maki "Ba tare da dama da za a aiki."

Don taimaka colorblind

Masana kimiyya a kai a kai bayar da sabon likita "na'urori" da za a iya rage wuri na mutane da nakasa. Sai dai itace cewa duk da cewa likitoci ba zai iya gyara mazugi-na'urori masu auna sigina zama yiwu ga reprogram kwakwalwa don gyara ji na launi. Yau akwai na musamman da tabarau cewa suna da kunkuntar na tube kawai "yanke" ruwan tabarau da kuma m launuka rabu da juna. Manufa bunkasa bambanci damar da ja, blue da kuma kore launuka ba gauraye.

Kimiyya ya taimaka masu yawa colorblind ganin launuka, da kasancewar abin da ba su ma san: m, mai haske kore da kuma haske ja.